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Introduction to Psychology: Early Concepts and Neuroscience

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Contributions of early pioneers in psychology

    Early pioneers like Wilhelm Wundt established psychology as a science, William James emphasized functionalism, and Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis.

  • Basic idea of Gestalt psychology

    Gestalt psychology focuses on perceiving whole patterns rather than individual components, emphasizing that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

  • Core concept of psychoanalysis

    Psychoanalysis explores unconscious motives and conflicts, emphasizing early childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind.

  • Main idea of behaviorism

    Behaviorism studies observable behavior and the effects of learning, rejecting introspection and focusing on stimulus-response relationships.

  • Seven modern perspectives in psychology

    The perspectives include biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, sociocultural, and evolutionary approaches.

  • Types of professionals in psychology

    Includes clinical psychologists, counselors, psychiatrists, researchers, and school psychologists, each with different roles and training.

  • Basic criteria for critical thinking

    Involves skepticism, open-mindedness, careful evaluation of evidence, and avoiding emotional reasoning.

  • Five steps of the scientific approach

    Steps are: 1. Formulate a question, 2. Develop a hypothesis, 3. Test the hypothesis, 4. Draw conclusions, 5. Report results.

  • Methods to describe behavior

    Include naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and laboratory observation.

  • Correlational technique in research

    Measures the relationship between two or more variables without implying causation, using correlation coefficients.

  • Steps in designing an experiment

    Include selecting participants, assigning groups, manipulating variables, measuring outcomes, and analyzing data.

  • Common problems in experiments

    Include placebo effects, experimenter bias, and confounding variables. Controlled by blinding and random assignment.

  • Ethical guidelines in psychological research

    Include informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, and debriefing.

  • Why psychologists use animals in research

    Animals allow study of biological processes and behaviors not possible or ethical to study in humans.

  • Parts of a neuron and their functions

    Dendrites receive signals, axon transmits impulses, myelin sheath speeds transmission, and axon terminals send messages to other neurons.

  • What is an action potential?

    An electrical impulse that travels down the axon, enabling neuron communication.

  • How neurons communicate using neurotransmitters

    Neurons release neurotransmitters into synapses, which bind to receptors on other neurons to transmit signals.

  • Lesioning studies and brain stimulation

    Lesioning involves damaging brain areas to study function; brain stimulation activates areas to observe effects on behavior.

  • Neuroimaging techniques for brain structure and function

    Structural: MRI, CT scans; Functional: fMRI, PET scans.

  • Functions of hindbrain structures

    Medulla controls vital functions, pons regulates sleep and arousal, cerebellum coordinates movement.

  • Brain structures involved in emotion, learning, memory, motivation

    Amygdala (emotion), hippocampus (memory), hypothalamus (motivation).

  • Cortex areas for senses and movement

    Occipital lobe processes vision, temporal lobe processes hearing, parietal lobe processes touch, frontal lobe controls movement.

  • Function of association areas in the cortex

    Integrate information from different senses and are crucial for language, thinking, and problem-solving.

  • Differences between left and right brain hemispheres

    Left hemisphere is typically language and logic focused; right hemisphere is more involved in spatial and creative tasks.

  • Interaction of central nervous system components

    The brain and spinal cord work together to process information and respond to injury or experience.

  • Roles of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

    Somatic system controls voluntary movements; autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat.

  • Why is the pituitary gland called the 'master gland'?

    It controls other endocrine glands by releasing hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.

  • Role of various endocrine glands

    Include thyroid (metabolism), adrenal glands (stress response), and pancreas (blood sugar regulation).

  • Strategies for coping with ADHD

    Include behavioral therapy, medication, structured routines, and environmental modifications.