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Introduction to Psychology - Exam 1 Review

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What does studying psychology help us understand?
    Psychology helps us understand behavior and mental processes.
  • Define psychology.
    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
  • Define behavior.
    Behavior refers to any observable action made by a living person or animal.
  • Define mental processes.
    Mental processes are internal, subjective experiences such as thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
  • Who was Wilhelm Wundt and what did he do?
    Wilhelm Wundt is known as the father of psychology. He established the first psychology laboratory and studied consciousness using objective introspection.
  • What is objective introspection?
    Objective introspection is the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities.
  • Who was Edward Titchener and what did he do?
    Edward Titchener was a student of Wundt who founded structuralism, focusing on breaking down mental processes into basic components.
  • What is structuralism?
    Structuralism is the study of the structure of the mind by analyzing its components through introspection.
  • Who was William James and what did he do?
    William James founded functionalism, emphasizing the purpose of consciousness and behavior in helping people adapt to their environment.
  • What is functionalism?
    Functionalism studies how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.
  • How was William James influenced by Darwin?
    James was influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection, applying it to understand how mental processes aid survival.
  • Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
    Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneering female psychologist who studied memory and became the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
  • What is Gestalt psychology?
    Gestalt psychology focuses on perceiving whole patterns rather than individual components.
  • Who was Max Wertheimer?
    Max Wertheimer was a founder of Gestalt psychology, emphasizing that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
  • What is cognitive psychology?
    Cognitive psychology studies mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
  • What is psychoanalysis?
    Psychoanalysis is a theory and therapy focusing on unconscious motives and conflicts, founded by Sigmund Freud.
  • Who was Sigmund Freud and what did he do?
    Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in behavior and personality.
  • What causes nervous disorders according to Freud?
    Freud believed nervous disorders were caused by unconscious conflicts and repressed feelings.
  • What is behaviorism?
    Behaviorism is the study of observable behavior, emphasizing learning through conditioning.
  • Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he do?
    Ivan Pavlov was a behaviorist known for discovering classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.
  • Who was John B. Watson?
    John B. Watson was a founder of behaviorism who emphasized studying observable behavior and conducted the Little Albert experiment.
  • What are the seven modern perspectives in psychology?
    The seven perspectives include biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, sociocultural, and evolutionary approaches.
  • What is critical thinking in psychology?
    Critical thinking involves analyzing information carefully to avoid bias and faulty conclusions.
  • What are the four basic criteria for critical thinking?
    The criteria are examination of assumptions, evaluation of evidence, discernment of hidden values, and assessment of conclusions.
  • What is the scientific approach in psychology?
    The scientific approach uses systematic observation and experimentation to understand behavior and mental processes.
  • What are descriptive research methods?
    Descriptive methods include naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, and surveys to gather data without manipulating variables.
  • What is naturalistic observation?
    Naturalistic observation involves watching behavior in its natural environment without interference.
  • What is a case study?
    A case study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or group, such as the famous case of Phineas Gage.