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Introduction to Psychology Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Functionalism

    Functionalism is a psychological theory that focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

  • Behaviorism

    Behaviorism studies observable behavior and emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior.

  • Psychodynamic Perspective

    The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts influencing behavior.

  • Humanistic Perspective

    The humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth, free will, and self-actualization.

  • Cognitive Perspective

    The cognitive perspective studies mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

  • Biopsychological Perspective

    The biopsychological perspective examines how biology, such as brain structures and chemicals, affects behavior.

  • Evolutionary Perspective

    The evolutionary perspective explains behavior through natural selection and adaptation over time.

  • Scientific Method

    The scientific method is a systematic process for conducting research and acquiring knowledge.

  • Hypothesis

    A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

  • Case Study

    A case study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or group to explore psychological phenomena.

  • Representative Sample

    A representative sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population.

  • Correlation

    Correlation measures the relationship between two variables but does not imply causation.

  • Experiment

    An experiment tests cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and measuring a dependent variable.

  • Operational Definition

    An operational definition specifies how variables are measured or manipulated in a study.

  • Independent Variable

    The independent variable is the factor that is changed or controlled in an experiment.

  • Dependent Variable

    The dependent variable is the outcome measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

  • Descriptive Statistics

    Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data, such as mean, median, and mode.

  • Inferential Statistics

    Inferential statistics allow conclusions about populations based on sample data.

  • Mean

    The mean is the average value of a data set.

  • Mode

    The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set.

  • Median

    The median is the middle value when data are ordered from least to greatest.

  • Standard Deviation

    Standard deviation measures the amount of variation or dispersion in a data set.

  • Statistically Significant

    Statistically significant results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

  • Reliability

    Reliability refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test.

  • Validity

    Validity indicates how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

  • Psychoanalysis

    Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious motives and conflicts.

  • Naturalistic Observation

    Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural environment without interference.

  • Surveys

    Surveys collect self-reported data from a sample to generalize about a population.

  • Ethics

    Ethics are moral principles guiding research to protect participants' rights and well-being.

  • Experimenter

    An experimenter is the person conducting the research study.

  • Psychologist

    A psychologist studies mental processes and behavior scientifically.