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Introduction to Psychology - Key Concepts and Theories

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What are the three types of psychological research?
    Descriptive: describes characteristics of a population; Correlation: determines relationships between two variables; Experiment: uses experimental and control groups to test hypotheses.
  • What is a positive relationship in correlation research?
    Both variables move in the same direction.
  • What is a negative relationship in correlation research?
    One variable moves in one direction while the other moves in the opposite direction.
  • What is random assignment in experimental research?
    A procedure where participants are assigned to groups entirely by chance to reduce bias.
  • What is the double-blind procedure?
    An experimental method where neither participants nor researchers know who is in the experimental or control group.
  • What is the placebo effect?
    Changes in participants caused by expectations rather than the experimental treatment.
  • List the steps of psychology's scientific method.
    1. Question 2. Literature Review 3. Hypothesis 4. Data Collection 5. Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions.
  • What is the nervous system?
    The full set of nerves connecting the brain with all other parts of the body.
  • What are neurons?
    Cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.
  • What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?
    They provide support, protection, nutrition, and myelin for neurons.
  • What do sensory neurons do?
    Carry information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) to the brain.
  • What do motor neurons do?
    Carry messages from the brain to muscles to produce movement.
  • What is biopsychology?
    The study of the biological basis of behavior, including genetics, brain function, hormones, and brain structures.
  • What is the nature vs. nurture debate?
    Nature refers to genetics; nurture refers to environmental influences on behavior and traits.
  • What does epigenetics study?
    How environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
  • Name the six major psychological theories.
    1. Multicultural 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive 4. Biological/Biopsychology 5. Humanistic 6. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic.
  • What does the behavioral theory focus on?
    Observable behaviors learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment.
  • What is the focus of cognitive psychology?
    Mental processes like thinking, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
  • What does humanistic psychology emphasize?
    Personal growth, free will, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people.
  • Who is considered the father of psychology and why?
    Wilhelm Wundt from Germany; he established psychology as a scientific discipline in 1879.
  • What is the unconscious according to psychodynamic theory?
    Thoughts, feelings, and memories below the level of awareness influencing behavior.
  • What are neurotransmitters?
    Chemical messengers that travel across synapses to transmit signals between neurons.