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Introduction to Psychology: The Scientific Attitude and Foundations

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What is psychology's approach to understanding behavior?
    Psychology employs an empirical approach to explore and understand behavior without being misled.
  • What three qualities define the scientific attitude in psychology?
    Curiosity, skepticism, and humility are essential for scientific inquiry in psychology.
  • How does curiosity support scientific inquiry?
    Curiosity drives the desire to ask questions and explore new ideas to better understand behavior.
  • What role does skepticism play in scientific thinking?
    Skepticism involves questioning claims and requiring evidence before accepting conclusions.
  • Why is humility important in psychology?
    Humility allows scientists to accept when they are wrong and remain open to new evidence.
  • What is critical thinking in psychology?
    Critical thinking examines assumptions, appraises sources, discerns biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
  • Who established psychology's first laboratory and what was its focus?
    Wilhelm Wundt established the first lab to measure the 'atoms of the mind' through experimental methods.
  • What is structuralism and who founded it?
    Structuralism, founded by Titchener, used introspection to explore the structure of the mind.
  • What is functionalism and who influenced it?
    Functionalism, influenced by William James and Darwin, focused on the adaptive functions of consciousness.
  • Who were the first prominent women in psychology?
    Whiton Calkins was a pioneering memory researcher and first female APA president; Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
  • What major psychological force emerged in the 1920s-1960s focusing on observable behavior?
    Behaviorism emphasized scientific study of observable behavior, conditioning, and learning.
  • What did Freudian psychology emphasize?
    Freudian psychology emphasized the unconscious mind and childhood experiences shaping behavior.
  • What is humanistic psychology's main focus?
    Humanistic psychology emphasizes human growth potential, love, acceptance, and nurturing environments.
  • What is cognitive psychology?
    Cognitive psychology studies mental processes like perception, learning, memory, thinking, and problem-solving.
  • What does evolutionary psychology study?
    Evolutionary psychology studies behavior and mind evolution using natural selection principles.
  • What is the nature–nurture issue in psychology?
    It questions whether traits are innate (nature) or developed through experience (nurture).
  • What is behavior genetics?
    Behavior genetics studies the relative influence of genes and environment on behavior.
  • How does culture influence psychology?
    Culture shapes shared ideas and behaviors passed across generations, influencing behavior.
  • What is gender identity in psychology?
    Gender identity is a person's sense of being male, female, neither, or a combination, shaped socially and biologically.
  • What is positive psychology?
    Positive psychology studies happiness and human flourishing using scientific methods.
  • What three levels does the biopsychosocial approach integrate?
    It integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
  • What are the main subfields of psychology?
    Subfields include basic research, applied research, counseling, clinical psychology, psychiatry, and community psychology.