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Introduction to Sociology Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • Who is Auguste Comte and his contribution to sociology?
    Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and pioneered studying society from a scientific perspective during rapid social change in the 1780-1850s.
  • How is sociology defined?
    Sociology is the systematic study of human society, focusing on social interactions, patterns, and shared understandings within groups.
  • What defines a society?
    A society is a human group sharing a common geographic territory and institutions, requiring social interactions that create shared patterns and expectations.
  • What is culture in sociology?
    Culture is a system of behaviors, beliefs, practices, knowledge, and values that shape societal interactions.
  • What are dominant culture, counterculture, and subculture?
    Dominant culture is the majority culture with political/economic power; counterculture opposes dominant culture; subculture shares traits but also differs in some practices.
  • What is the sociological imagination?
    The ability to see the connection between personal troubles and public issues, understanding how individual choices are shaped by social structures.
  • What are the three core foci of sociology?
    1. Social inequality 2. Social institutions 3. Social change
  • What is social inequality in sociology?
    Social inequality refers to the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged groups based on class, gender, race, and ethnicity.
  • What are the five core social institutions?
    Family, Education, Religion, Economy, and Government.
  • What is secularization in social change?
    Secularization is the decline of religious influence and power in society, often linked to modernization.
  • What are social facts according to Durkheim?
    Social facts are societal norms and values that shape individual behavior and exist outside individual control.
  • What are the four types of suicide identified by Durkheim?
    1. Egoistic 2. Altruistic 3. Anomic 4. Fatalistic, each linked to levels of social integration and regulation.
  • How does sociology differ from common sense?
    Sociology moves beyond superficial observations by using systematic research to understand social patterns like homophily (similarity attraction).
  • What are the three classical sociological perspectives?
    Structural functionalism, Conflict theory, and Symbolic interactionism.
  • What is structural functionalism?
    A perspective viewing society as interconnected institutions working together to maintain social cohesion and stability.
  • What is conflict theory?
    A perspective focusing on power struggles and conflicts between competing social groups, rooted in class differences.
  • What is symbolic interactionism?
    A perspective emphasizing active socialization through interaction and negotiation of meanings between individuals.
  • Who are agents of socialization?
    Groups or institutions like family, peers, media, education, and religion that guide individuals in learning societal norms.
  • What is the 'looking glass self' concept by Cooley?
    Our self-concept develops based on how we think others perceive us.
  • What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
    Primary socialization occurs in the family learning basic values; secondary socialization happens later learning behaviors for subcultures or new roles.
  • What is anticipatory socialization?
    Rehearsing or preparing for future roles before fully entering them.
  • What is resocialization?
    The process of discarding old roles and adopting new ones, either voluntarily or involuntarily.
  • What is deviance in sociology?
    Deviance is behavior that violates social norms, ranging from minor acts like tattoos to serious crimes.
  • What is the social construction theory of deviance?
    Deviance is created and maintained through social interactions and shared definitions.
  • What is strain theory in explaining deviance?
    Deviance occurs when individuals lack legitimate opportunities to achieve societal goals.
  • What is labeling theory?
    Deviance results from society labeling individuals, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
  • How do crime rates vary by age, gender, and race in the U.S.?
    Crime rates peak between ages 25-29; men have higher arrest rates than women; racial disparities exist due to economic and policing factors.