In Exercises 39–46, find the unit vector that has the same direction as the vector v.
v = 8i - 6j

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Identify the given vector \( \mathbf{v} = 8\mathbf{i} - 6\mathbf{j} \). This means the vector has components \( x = 8 \) and \( y = -6 \).

Calculate the magnitude (length) of the vector \( \mathbf{v} \) using the formula: \[ \|\mathbf{v}\| = \sqrt{(x)^2 + (y)^2} = \sqrt{8^2 + (-6)^2} \]

Simplify the expression under the square root to find the magnitude: \[ \|\mathbf{v}\| = \sqrt{64 + 36} \]

To find the unit vector in the same direction as \( \mathbf{v} \), divide each component of \( \mathbf{v} \) by its magnitude: \[ \mathbf{u} = \left( \frac{8}{\|\mathbf{v}\|}, \frac{-6}{\|\mathbf{v}\|} \right) \]

Express the unit vector \( \mathbf{u} \) in terms of \( \mathbf{i} \) and \( \mathbf{j} \): \[ \mathbf{u} = \frac{8}{\|\mathbf{v}\|} \mathbf{i} - \frac{6}{\|\mathbf{v}\|} \mathbf{j} \]

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Vector Components and Notation

A vector in two dimensions is expressed using unit vectors i and j, representing the x and y directions respectively. For example, v = 8i - 6j means the vector has an x-component of 8 and a y-component of -6. Understanding this notation is essential for manipulating and analyzing vectors.

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i & j Notation

Magnitude of a Vector

The magnitude (or length) of a vector v = ai + bj is found using the Pythagorean theorem: |v| = √(a² + b²). This scalar value represents the distance from the origin to the point defined by the vector components and is crucial for normalizing vectors.

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Finding Magnitude of a Vector

Unit Vector and Direction

A unit vector has a magnitude of 1 and points in the same direction as the original vector. It is found by dividing each component of the vector by its magnitude, effectively scaling the vector to length one while preserving direction.

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