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3.5 Organelles

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    • The fluid portion of the cytoplasm

    • Intercellular fluid

    • Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, solubles & insoluble proteins, and waste products

    Cytosol

    • An intracellular structure that performs a specific function or group of functions

    • Essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism

    • Membranous (membrane-enclosed)

    Organelles

    • A framework of microtubules and microfilaments in the cytoplasm

    • An internal protein that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

    • Made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

    Cytoskeleton

  • (in figure 3-12 of the Cytoskeleton pg 70 name the parts of the model from top to bottom A-H)

    A: Microvillus

    B: Microfilaments

    C: Plasma Membrane

    D: Mitochondrion

    E: Intermediate filaments

    F: Endoplasmic reticulum

    G: Microtubules

    H: Secretory vesicle

  • Protein component of microfilaments; forms thin filaments in skeletal muscles and produces contractions of all muscles through interaction with thick (myosin) filaments

    Actin

    • The thinest strands of the cytoskeleton

    • Usually compared of the protein actin

    • In most cells they form a dense layer just inside the plasma membrane

    • attach the plasma membrane to the underlying cytoplasm by forming connections with proteins of the plasma membrane

    Microfilaments

    • Intermediate in size

    • Their protein composition varies among cell types

    • strengthen the cell

    • stabilize its position with respect to surrounding cells through specialized attachments to the plasma membrane

    Intermediate filaments

    • Part of the cytoskeleton

    • hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin

    • Found in cilia, flagella, centrioles, and spindle fibers

    • Largest component of the cytoskeleton

    Microtubules

    • During cell division

    • Distributes the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell

    Spindle apparatus

    • Small fingerlike extensions of the exposed plasma membrane of an epithelial cell

    • Increase the surface area of the membrane

    • Common features of cells actively engaging in absorbing materials from the extracellular fluid

    Microvilli

    • A cylindrical intracellular organelle composed of nine groups of microtubules, three in each group

    • Functions in mitosis or meiosis by organizing the microtubules of the spindle apparatus

    • Produces spindle fibers that move DNA strands during cell division

    Centriole

  • Slender organelle/organelles that extends above the free surface of an epithelial cell.

    Cilia

  • Makes coordinated active movements that require energy from ATP. Those actions move fluids or secretions across the cell surface

    Motile cilia

    • An organelle structurally similar to a motile cilium but used to propel a cell through a fluid

    • Found on sperm

    Flagella

    • An organelle containing rRNA and proteins that is essential to MRNA translation and protein synthesis

    • Manufacture proteins by using information from the DNA of the nucleus

    • Found in all cells, but their number varies depending on the type of cell and its activities

    Ribosomes

  • Scattered throughout the cytoplasm

    The proteins they manufacture enter the cytosol

    Free ribosomes

    • Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (a membranous organelle)

    • The proteins these manufacture enter the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified and packaged for use within the cell eventual secretion from the cell

    Fixed ribosomes

  • Small organelles that remove proteins within the cytoplasm

    Proteasomes

  • A network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm of a cell that function intracellular transport, synthesis, storage, packaging, and secretion

    Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

  • ER forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets and chambers called...

    Cisternae

  • The ER's 4 major functions

    1. Synthesis

    2. Storage

    3. Transport

    4. Detoxification

    • No ribosomes

    • Membranous organelle where lipids and carbohydrates synthesis and storage occurs

    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

    • Has fixed ribosomes

    • Membranous organelle that is a site of protein synthesis and storage

    Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

    • Cellular organelle consisting of a series of membranous plates that gives rise to lysosomes and secretory vesicles

    • Consists of a set of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae

    Golgi apparatus

    • Intracellular vesicle containing digestive enzymes

    • Perform cleanup and recycling functions within the cell

    • One such function involves removing damaged organelles

    Lysosomes

  • Vesicles that smaller than lysosomes and carry a different group of enzymes

    New ones arise from growth and subdivision of existing ones

    Absorbs and break down fatty acids and other organic compounds

    Potentially dangerous free radical

    Peroxisomes

    • Ions or molecules that contain unpaired electrons

    • Highly reactive and enter additional reactions that can damage vital compounds such s proteins

    Free radicals

    • Small organelle that provide energy for the cell

    • They have an unusual double membrane (each consists of a phospholipid bilayer)

    • The outer membrane surrounds the entire organelle

    • The inner membrane contains numerous folds called cristae that surround the matrix

    Mitochondria

  • The extracellular fibers and ground substance of connective tissue

    Matrix

  • A process by which mitochondria make ATP using nutrients and oxygen

    Mitochondrial energy production