Skip to main content
뒤로

6B-A&P-LE3

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/20

이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is ossification?
    Ossification is the process of bone tissue formation, starting in the embryo and continuing throughout life for growth, remodeling, and repair.
  • What are the two types of ossification?
    Endochondral ossification replaces hyaline cartilage to form most bones below the skull base. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from fibrous membranes.
  • Describe the main steps of endochondral ossification.
    1. Bone collar forms around diaphysis. 2. Cartilage calcifies and cavities form. 3. Periosteal bud invades and spongy bone forms. 4. Diaphysis elongates, medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification in epiphyses. 5. Epiphyses ossify.
  • What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
    Flat bones such as the skull and clavicles develop directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes.
  • How do long bones grow in length after birth?
    Long bones grow by interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate through zones: resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification.
  • How does appositional growth increase bone thickness?
    Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the external surface, while osteoclasts resorb bone on the internal surface.
  • What is epiphyseal plate closure?
    The fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis that ends bone lengthening, typically around age 18 in females and 21 in males.
  • What is bone remodeling?
    A lifelong process where old bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts to maintain bone shape and strength.
  • Which hormones regulate bone remodeling?
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood calcium. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium temporarily. Leptin and serotonin also influence bone density.
  • What is Wolff's law in bone physiology?
    Bone adapts to mechanical stress by depositing bone where needed to resist stress and removing it where it is not needed.
  • How are fractures classified by bone end position?
    Fractures are nondisplaced if bone ends remain aligned, or displaced if ends are out of alignment.
  • What is a comminuted fracture?
    A fracture where the bone breaks into three or more pieces, common in aged, brittle bones.
  • Describe a spiral fracture.
    A ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces, often seen in sports injuries.
  • What is a greenstick fracture?
    An incomplete fracture where the bone breaks like a green twig, common in children.
  • What are the four stages of fracture repair?
    1. Hematoma formation. 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation. 3. Bony callus formation. 4. Bone remodeling.
  • What happens during hematoma formation in fracture repair?
    Torn blood vessels form a clot (hematoma) causing swelling and inflammation at the fracture site.
  • What is osteoporosis?
    A disease where bone resorption exceeds bone deposit, leading to decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.
  • List common risk factors for osteoporosis.
    Postmenopausal women, insufficient exercise, poor diet, smoking, genetics, hormone disorders, alcohol, and certain medications.
  • When does skeletal growth typically cease?
    By age 25, all bones are completely ossified and skeletal growth stops.
  • How does bone remodeling maintain bone shape during growth?
    Appositional growth adds bone externally while resorption removes bone internally to maintain shape.