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8A-LE3-Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (23)

  • What are the two primary functions of joints (articulations)?
    Mobility to allow movement and stability to hold the skeleton together.
  • How are joints structurally classified?
    Based on the material binding bones and presence of a joint cavity: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints.
  • What are the functional classifications of joints?
    Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and Diarthroses (freely movable).
  • What characterizes fibrous joints?
    Bones united by dense fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity; mostly immovable.
  • Name the three types of fibrous joints.
    Sutures (skull), Syndesmoses (ligament connections), and Gomphoses (teeth in sockets).
  • What unites cartilaginous joints and how movable are they?
    United by cartilage with no joint cavity; they are immovable or slightly movable.
  • What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
    Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, mostly immovable) and Symphyses (fibrocartilage, slightly movable).
  • What defines synovial joints?
    Bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity; all are freely movable (diarthrotic).
  • List the six general features of synovial joints.
    1. Articular cartilage, 2. Joint cavity, 3. Articular capsule, 4. Synovial fluid, 5. Reinforcing ligaments, 6. Nerves and blood vessels.
  • What is the function of synovial fluid?
    Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage and contains phagocytic cells.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction where tissues rub together; tendon sheaths wrap around tendons.
  • What is the difference between origin and insertion in muscle attachment?
    Origin is the immovable bone; insertion is the movable bone that moves toward the origin during contraction.
  • Define flexion and extension.
    Flexion decreases the joint angle; extension increases the joint angle.
  • What is hyperextension?
    Movement of a joint beyond its normal anatomical position.
  • Define abduction and adduction.
    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline.
  • What is circumduction?
    A circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction, describing a cone in space.
  • Explain medial and lateral rotation.
    Medial rotation turns a bone toward the midline; lateral rotation turns it away from the midline.
  • What are supination and pronation of the forearm?
    Supination: palms face anteriorly with radius and ulna parallel; pronation: palms face posteriorly with radius crossing over ulna.
  • Define dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot.
    Dorsiflexion bends the foot toward the shin; plantar flexion points the toes downward.
  • What are inversion and eversion of the foot?
    Inversion turns the sole medially; eversion turns the sole laterally.
  • Describe protraction and retraction.
    Protraction moves a body part forward; retraction moves it backward.
  • What do elevation and depression refer to in joint movement?
    Elevation lifts a body part superiorly; depression lowers a body part.
  • What is opposition in hand movement?
    Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers, enabling grasping.