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A & P Exam 4 primary

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (71)

  • Fascicle
    A bundle of muscle fibers.
  • Sarcolemma
    Membrane surrounding a muscle fiber.
  • Epimysium
    Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
  • Perimysium
    Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle.
  • Endomysium
    Connective tissue surrounding one muscle fiber.
  • First-class lever
    Fulcrum is between effort and resistance; example: seesaw.
  • Second-class lever
    Resistance is between fulcrum and effort; example: standing on tiptoes.
  • Third-class lever
    Effort is between fulcrum and resistance; example: biceps curl.
  • Prime mover (agonist)
    Main muscle responsible for causing a movement.
  • Antagonist
    Muscle that opposes the prime mover.
  • Synergist
    Muscle that assists the prime mover.
  • Fixator
    Muscle that stabilizes another muscle's origin.
  • Secondary mover
    Muscle that helps produce movement but is not the main muscle.
  • Sarcomere
    Basic contracting unit of a muscle.
  • Z disc
    Marks the boundaries of a sarcomere.
  • A band
    Contains the entire length of thick filaments.
  • I band
    Contains only thin filaments.
  • H zone
    Contains only thick filaments.
  • M line
    Center of the sarcomere.
  • Actin
    Thin protein filament.
  • Myosin
    Thick protein filament that pulls actin.
  • Troponin
    Protein that binds calcium.
  • Tropomyosin
    Protein that blocks actin's binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.
  • Calcium
    Ion that binds to troponin to allow contraction.
  • Sodium (Na⁺)
    Ion that enters the muscle cell during depolarization.
  • Potassium (K⁺)
    Ion that leaves the muscle cell during repolarization.
  • Depolarization
    Process where sodium enters and the inside becomes less negative.
  • Repolarization
    Process where the cell returns toward its resting electrical state.
  • Flexion
    Decreases the angle of a joint.
  • Extension
    Increases the angle of a joint.
  • Circumduction
    Circular movement of a limb.
  • Abduction
    Movement away from the body's midline.
  • Adduction
    Movement toward the body's midline.
  • Rotation
    Turning a bone around its axis.
  • Supination
    Turning the palm upward.
  • Pronation
    Turning the palm downward.
  • Dorsiflexion
    Pulling the toes toward the shin.
  • Plantar flexion
    Pointing the toes downward.
  • Inversion
    Turning the sole of the foot inward.
  • Eversion
    Turning the sole of the foot outward.
  • Elevation
    Moving a body part upward.
  • Depression
    Moving a body part downward.
  • Protraction
    Moving a body part forward.
  • Retraction
    Moving a body part backward.
  • Opposition
    Moving the thumb to touch the fingertips.
  • Plane (gliding) joint
    Flat surfaces slide past each other.
  • Hinge joint
    Allows back-and-forth movement.
  • Pivot joint
    Allows rotation around an axis.
  • Condyloid joint
    Allows movement side to side and back and forth.
  • Saddle joint
    Allows movement in two directions.
  • Ball-and-socket joint
    Allows movement in almost every direction.
  • Muscle twitch
    Muscle's response to one stimulus.
  • Wave summation
    Repeated stimulation increases muscle tension.
  • Motor recruitment
    Activating more motor units to increase muscle force.
  • Motor unit
    One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
  • Muscle tone
    Low-level muscle activity while resting.
  • Isometric contraction
    Muscle creates tension without changing length.
  • Isotonic contraction
    Muscle changes length while producing movement.
  • Slow oxidative (Type I)
    Slow, uses oxygen, and resists fatigue.
  • Fast oxidative-glycolytic (Type IIa)
    Fast, uses oxygen and glycolysis, and has moderate fatigue resistance.
  • Fast glycolytic (Type IIx)
    Fast and powerful but fatigues quickly.
  • Meniscus
    Cartilage in the knee that cushions and stabilizes the joint.
  • Osteoarthritis
    Joint disease involving the breakdown of cartilage.
  • Striated muscle
    Muscle that has a striped appearance.
  • Voluntary muscle
    Muscle under conscious control.
  • Involuntary muscle
    Muscle not under conscious control.
  • Ligament
    Connects bone to bone.
  • Tendon
    Connects muscle to bone.
  • Synovial joint
    Freely movable joint containing synovial fluid.
  • Articular cartilage
    Covers bone ends and reduces friction.
  • Synovial fluid
    Lubricates joints and reduces friction.