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Active Membrane Transport and Cell Communication in Anatomy & Physiology (CH. 3)

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이 집합의 용어 (23)

  • What are the two major active membrane transport processes?
    Active transport (primary and secondary) and vesicular transport.
  • Why do active membrane transport processes require ATP?
    To move solutes that are too large for channels, not lipid soluble, or cannot move down their concentration gradient.
  • What is the key feature of active transport?
    It requires carrier proteins (solute pumps) and moves solutes against their concentration gradient (low to high).
  • Difference between primary and secondary active transport?
    Primary uses energy directly from ATP hydrolysis; secondary uses energy indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport.
  • What does the Na+-K+ pump do?
    Pumps Na+ and K+ against their gradients to maintain high intracellular K+ and high extracellular Na+, essential for muscle and nerve function.
  • How does secondary active transport use ionic gradients?
    It uses the energy stored in ionic gradients (like Na+) created by primary active transport to drive the transport of other molecules against their gradient.
  • What are the three types of endocytosis?
    Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • What is phagocytosis and its function?
    A type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles; used by immune cells like macrophages to remove pathogens.
  • What is pinocytosis?
    Fluid-phase endocytosis where cells 'drink' extracellular fluid to sample the environment or absorb nutrients.
  • What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
    Endocytosis that involves specific molecules binding to receptors, often via clathrin-coated pits, for selective uptake.
  • What is exocytosis?
    Process where materials enclosed in secretory vesicles are ejected from the cell, used for hormone secretion, neurotransmitter release, and waste removal.
  • What is transcytosis?
    Transport of materials into, across, and then out of a cell.
  • What are Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)?
    Proteins on the cell surface that help cells recognize, attach to each other, move relative to each other, and organize into tissues.
  • What are the two major ways cells communicate?
    Contact signaling (physical contact) and chemical signaling (ligand binding to receptors).
  • What happens during chemical signaling?
    A ligand binds to a receptor, causing receptor structural change and alteration of intracellular proteins, changing cell activity.
  • Can the same ligand cause different responses in different cells?
    Yes, the response depends on the receptor type and the intracellular signaling pathway.
  • What cellular responses can receptor activation cause?
    Opening/closing ion channels, activating enzymes, triggering intracellular signaling pathways, and amplifying signals.
  • What are the four major jobs of a cell?
    Make energy, make/process molecules, break down waste/pathogens, and maintain shape/move things.
  • What is cytoplasm composed of?
    Cytosol (gel-like fluid), inclusions (insoluble molecules), and organelles (metabolic machinery).
  • Name membranous and nonmembranous organelles.
    Membranous: mitochondria, ER, Golgi, peroxisomes, lysosomes. Nonmembranous: ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Produce most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration.
  • What is the endomembrane system?
    A group of membranous organelles (ER, Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes) plus nuclear and plasma membranes that produce, degrade, store, and export molecules.
  • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?
    Rough ER: protein synthesis for secretion. Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification, glycogen conversion, and calcium storage.