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Adrenal Gland and Hormonal Regulation in Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Compare adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
    The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones like aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens, while the adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
  • Three zones of the adrenal cortex and their secretions
    Zona glomerulosa: secretes aldosterone; zona fasciculata: secretes cortisol; zona reticularis: secretes androgens.
  • Main effect of aldosterone
    Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys, which leads to water retention and increased extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.
  • System aldosterone is part of
    Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
  • Normal blood pH range
    The normal blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Hypothalamic hormone that triggers ACTH release
    Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.
  • Effect of aldosterone hypersecretion on blood pressure
    Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes increased blood volume and hypertension due to excess sodium and water retention.
  • Effects of cortisol
    Cortisol increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis, mobilizes fats and proteins, and suppresses the immune response.
  • Is cortisol pro- or anti-inflammatory?
    Cortisol is anti-inflammatory, reducing immune system activity and inflammation.
  • What are corticosteroids?
    Corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids like cortisol and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone.
  • Common name for cortisol
    Cortisol is commonly known as the stress hormone.
  • What is Cushing’s disease?
    Cushing’s disease is caused by excessive ACTH secretion leading to high cortisol levels.
  • What is Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome?
    Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome results from long-term corticosteroid therapy causing symptoms of cortisol excess.
  • Two main symptoms of Cushing’s disease
    Symptoms include hyperglycemia and fat redistribution (moon face, buffalo hump).
  • Is a patient with Cushing’s syndrome hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic?
    Patients with Cushing’s syndrome are hyperglycemic due to cortisol-induced gluconeogenesis.
  • What is adrenal crisis?
    Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening condition caused by insufficient cortisol, leading to low blood pressure and shock.
  • Why is long-term corticosteroid use dangerous?
    Long-term use suppresses the immune system, causes adrenal atrophy, and can lead to adrenal insufficiency.
  • What is Addison’s disease?
    Addison’s disease is adrenal insufficiency causing low cortisol and aldosterone levels.
  • What are androgens?
    Androgens are male sex hormones produced in small amounts by the adrenal cortex, contributing to secondary sex characteristics.
  • Which cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?
    Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines.
  • Two types of catecholamines secreted by adrenal medulla
    The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Stimulus for catecholamine release
    Catecholamines are released in response to sympathetic nervous system activation during stress.
  • Fight-or-flight response to seeing a bear
    The body increases heart rate, blood pressure, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to prepare for action.
  • Which nervous system mediates fight-or-flight?
    The sympathetic nervous system mediates the fight-or-flight response.