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Anatomy & Physiology: Articulations & Body Movements

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • Functions of articulations (joints)

    Hold bones together and allow flexibility for body movement.

  • Structural classification of joints

    Based on presence of connective fiber, cartilage, or joint cavity: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.

  • Functional classification of joints

    Based on movement: Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), Diarthroses (movable).

  • Characteristics of fibrous joints

    Connect adjoining bones, lack joint cavity, mostly synarthrotic (immovable).

  • Types of fibrous joints

    Sutures (skull bones), Syndesmoses (ligament connections), Gomphosis (tooth in socket).

  • Characteristics of cartilaginous joints

    Bone ends connected by cartilage, lack joint cavity, mostly amphiarthrotic (slightly movable).

  • Types of cartilaginous joints

    Symphyses (fibrocartilage discs, e.g. intervertebral), Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, e.g. epiphyseal plate).

  • Characteristics of synovial joints

    Articulating bones separated by joint cavity with synovial fluid, all are movable joints.

  • Components of synovial joints

    Articular cartilage, articular capsule (fibrous layer + synovial membrane), synovial fluid, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels.

  • Function of articular discs in synovial joints

    Composed of fibrocartilage, they reduce wear and tear on joint surfaces; not always present.

  • Bursa and tendon sheath

    Bursa is a synovial fluid-filled sac where tendons cross bones; tendon sheath is an elongated bursa around a tendon.

  • Synovial joint classification by movement axes

    Uniaxial (one axis), Biaxial (two axes), Multiaxial (three axes).

  • Types of synovial joints by movement

    Plane (gliding), Hinge (flexion/extension), Pivot (rotation), Condylar and Saddle (biaxial), Ball-and-Socket (multiaxial).

  • Origin vs. insertion of muscles

    Origin is the immovable or less movable attachment; insertion is the movable attachment.

  • Common movements allowed by synovial joints

    Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction.

  • Hip joint characteristics

    Large ball-and-socket joint formed by femur head and acetabulum; reinforced by strong ligaments including ligamentum teres.

  • Knee joint composition

    Three joints: Tibiofemoral (hinge), Femoropatellar, and lateral/medial joints; largest and most complex joint.

  • Ligaments stabilizing the knee joint

    Patellar ligament, Medial and Lateral Patellar Retinacula, Fibular and Tibial Collateral, Oblique and Arcuate Popliteal, ACL, and PCL.

  • Function of ACL and PCL

    ACL prevents tibia sliding forward and provides rotational stability; PCL is stronger, prevents backward tibia movement.

  • Shoulder joint features

    Ball-and-socket joint with greatest range of motion; head of humerus articulates with shallow glenoid cavity; stabilized by rotator cuff muscles.

  • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

    Modified hinge joint where condylar process of mandible articulates with temporal bone's mandibular fossa, located anterior to ear.