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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood and Blood Types - Lab exam 1

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What are the main components of blood?
    Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and plasma.
  • What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
    To transport respiratory gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • What role do leukocytes play in the body?
    They defend the body against pathogens as part of the immune system.
  • What is the function of platelets?
    To help clot blood and prevent blood loss from damaged vessels.
  • What is plasma composed of?
    92% water, 7% plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), and 1% other solutes.
  • List the general functions of blood.
    Transportation (oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste), regulation (body temp, pH, fluid balance), and protection (clotting, immune defense).
  • What is the normal pH range of blood?
    Between 7.35 and 7.45.
  • What percentage of whole blood is plasma?
    Approximately 55%.
  • What is the 'buffy coat' in centrifuged blood?
    A thin layer containing leukocytes and platelets, less than 1% of whole blood.
  • What is the normal range of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter?
    4.2 to 6.2 million.
  • Name the five types of leukocytes.
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
  • Which leukocytes are classified as granulocytes?
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
  • Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?
    Monocytes and lymphocytes.
  • Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil.
    Has 3 to 7 lobes.
  • What distinguishes eosinophils under a microscope?
    Cytoplasmic granules stain red; nucleus is bilobed.
  • What is unique about basophil nuclei?
    The nucleus is S-shaped and cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple.
  • Describe the nucleus of lymphocytes.
    Spherical nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm.
  • What is the shape of a monocyte nucleus?
    U-shaped.
  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type A?
    A antigen on red cells; anti-B antibodies in plasma.
  • Which blood type is the universal donor?
    Type O, because it has no A or B antigens.
  • Which blood type is the universal recipient?
    Type AB, because it has both A and B antigens and no antibodies.
  • What determines Rh positive or negative blood type?
    Presence (Rh positive) or absence (Rh negative) of surface antigen D on erythrocytes.
  • Can Rh negative individuals receive Rh positive blood safely?
    No, unless previously exposed to Rh positive blood, they may develop anti-D antibodies.
  • Which blood types can a person with A+ donate to?
    A+ and AB+.
  • Which blood types can a person with O- receive from?
    Only O- blood.