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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood and Hemostasis

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • What are the primary functions of blood?
    Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones; Regulation of pH, temperature, fluid volume; Protection against blood loss and infection.
  • What is the typical pH range of blood?
    Blood is slightly alkaline with a pH range of 7.35-7.45.
  • What are the main components of blood?
    Blood consists of erythrocytes (RBCs), buffy coat (WBCs and platelets), and plasma.
  • What is hematocrit?
    The percentage of total blood volume composed of RBCs, typically ranging from 36-50%.
  • Describe the structure of erythrocytes.
    Small, biconcave-shaped cells without a nucleus or organelles, coated with flexible proteins like spectrin.
  • What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
    To transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by reversibly binding these gases.
  • How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?
    Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules.
  • What happens to hematocrit levels at high altitudes?
    Hematocrit increases due to more erythrocytes being produced to compensate for lower oxygen availability.
  • What are leukocytes and their main function?
    White blood cells that defend the body against infection and foreign substances.
  • Differentiate granulocytes and agranulocytes.
    Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules; agranulocytes do not.
  • Name the three types of granulocytes.
    Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
  • What is the role of neutrophils?
    First responders to infection; perform phagocytosis and release enzymes to destroy microbes.
  • What is the primary function of eosinophils?
    Protect against parasitic infections and contribute to allergic responses.
  • What role do basophils and mast cells play in immunity?
    Involved in allergic reactions and inflammation by releasing histamine to increase capillary permeability.
  • What are monocytes and their derivatives?
    Agranulocytes that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, both phagocytic and antigen-presenting.
  • What are lymphocytes and their types?
    Leukocytes involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
  • What are platelets and their function?
    Cell fragments that plug holes in damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss.
  • What is hemostasis?
    A fast, local, controlled process to prevent and stop bleeding after blood vessel injury.
  • What are the three main steps of hemostasis?
    1) Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction), 2) Platelet plug formation, 3) Coagulation (blood clotting).
  • What initiates vascular spasm?
    Chemicals like endothelins released by damaged endothelial cells and activated platelets cause vasoconstriction.
  • Describe platelet plug formation steps.
    Adhesion via von Willebrand factor, activation and degranulation releasing aggregating agents, and aggregation forming an unstable plug.
  • What is the role of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
    Acts as a bridge between platelets and exposed collagen in damaged blood vessels to initiate plug formation.
  • What are the two pathways of coagulation?
    Extrinsic pathway (initiated by tissue factor outside blood) and intrinsic pathway (initiated by factors within blood).
  • Outline the coagulation cascade phases.
    Phase 1: Formation of prothrombin activator; Phase 2: Prothrombin converted to thrombin; Phase 3: Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • What is the function of thrombin in coagulation?
    Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands to stabilize the clot.
  • What is clot retraction?
    Platelet-driven process that contracts the clot and pulls vessel edges together to promote healing.
  • What is fibrinolysis?
    The breakdown of fibrin clots by plasmin to remove unneeded clots after healing.
  • What could happen if fibrinolysis does not occur?
    Leads to buildup of blood clots, increasing risk of thrombosis.