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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Skeletal System

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the three types of cartilage in the skeletal system?
    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
  • What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?
    Provides flexibility, reduces friction, and absorbs shock. It is the most abundant but weakest cartilage.
  • Where is elastic cartilage found and what is its function?
    Found in the external ear and larynx, it maintains the shape of organs and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage.
  • What is the primary role of fibrocartilage?
    Provides strength, rigidity, and resists compression and torsion. It is the strongest cartilage type.
  • What tissues compose bones as organs?
    Bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, epithelial tissue (blood vessels), and nervous tissue.
  • List the main functions of the skeletal system.
    Support and protection, leverage for movement, mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), and blood cell production in red marrow.
  • How many bones are in the adult human body?
    There are 206 bones in the adult human body.
  • What are the five major bone classifications?
    Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
  • What are sutural bones?
    Small bones located between the bones of the skull.
  • What are bone markings and their types?
    Surface features of bones including projections (for muscle/tendon attachment), openings, and depressions (for blood vessels or nerves).
  • Describe the diaphysis of a long bone.
    The tubular shaft made of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.
  • What is the epiphysis of a long bone?
    The end part of the bone composed of spongy (trabecular) bone with a lattice-like structure.
  • What is the metaphysis in a long bone?
    The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
  • What is the epiphyseal plate/line?
    The area of linear growth in bones; the plate is active in children, and the line is the remnant in adults.
  • What is the periosteum?
    A membrane covering the outside of bone with an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer containing osteoprogenitor cells.
  • What is the endosteum?
    A thin membrane lining the inside of bone, covering trabeculae and the central canal, containing osteoprogenitor cells.
  • What are Sharpey’s fibers?
    Collagen fibers from the periosteum that penetrate the bone matrix to attach tendons and ligaments.
  • What are the four main cell types in bone tissue?
    Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
  • What is the function of osteoblasts?
    Bone builders that secrete osteoid matrix and initiate mineralization.
  • What role do osteocytes play in bone?
    Mature osteoblasts that maintain the protein and mineral composition of the bone matrix.
  • What is the function of osteoclasts?
    Multinucleated cells that resorb and break down bone matrix.
  • What is the composition of the bone matrix?
    About 1/3 collagen fibers and proteins, and 2/3 mineralized calcium phosphate forming hydroxyapatite crystals.
  • What is an osteon in compact bone?
    A cylindrical structure of concentric lamellae running parallel to the bone's long axis, containing a central (Haversian) canal.
  • What are canaliculi in bone tissue?
    Small channels connecting osteocytes in lacunae, allowing nutrient and waste exchange.
  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
    Compact bone is dense and solid with osteons; spongy bone is porous with trabeculae and contains red marrow.
  • Where is red marrow found and what is its function?
    Located in the spaces of spongy bone; it is the site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis).
  • What is yellow marrow?
    Marrow primarily composed of lipids, serving as an energy reserve.