Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/28

이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • What are the two main groups of bones based on location?

    Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and Appendicular skeleton (bones of limbs and girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton).

  • What are the four classifications of bones based on shape?

    1. Long bones (longer than wide)
    2. Short bones (cube-shaped, e.g., wrist)
    3. Flat bones (thin, flat, slightly curved)
    4. Irregular bones (complicated shapes, e.g., vertebrae)

  • List the seven important functions of bones.

    Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, Blood cell formation, Triglyceride storage, Hormone production.

  • What are the two main types of bone tissue in gross anatomy?

    Compact bone: dense outer layer; Spongy bone: honeycomb of trabeculae filled with marrow.

  • Describe the structure of a typical long bone.

    Has a shaft (diaphysis) of compact bone with medullary cavity, ends (epiphyses) with compact and spongy bone, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal line.

  • What are the two types of bone membranes and their functions?

    Periosteum: outer double-layered membrane with osteogenic cells; Endosteum: delicate membrane lining internal bone surfaces with osteogenic cells.

  • Where is red marrow found and what is its function?

    In trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones; site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

  • Name the five major types of bone cells.

    Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone-lining cells, Osteoclasts.

  • What is the role of osteogenic cells?

    Mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.

  • What do osteoblasts do?

    Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid.

  • What is the function of osteocytes?

    Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix and act as stress sensors.

  • What are bone-lining cells and their function?

    Flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain the matrix; called periosteal or endosteal cells depending on location.

  • Describe osteoclasts and their function.

    Large multinucleate cells that resorb bone by secreting enzymes and acids.

  • What is an osteon and its components?

    Structural unit of compact bone; consists of concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

  • What are canaliculi and their function?

    Hairlike canals connecting lacunae and central canal, allowing nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes.

  • What are interstitial and circumferential lamellae?

    Interstitial lamellae fill gaps between osteons; circumferential lamellae encircle the diaphysis to resist twisting.

  • How is spongy bone organized?

    Trabeculae arranged along lines of stress with irregular lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi.

  • What are the organic and inorganic components of bone?

    Organic: cells and osteoid (collagen and ground substance).
    Inorganic: hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate crystals) providing hardness.

  • What is ossification and its two types?

    Process of bone tissue formation: Endochondral ossification replaces hyaline cartilage; Intramembranous ossification develops from fibrous membranes.

  • Describe the main steps of endochondral ossification.

    Bone collar forms, cartilage calcifies, periosteal bud invades, diaphysis elongates, secondary ossification in epiphyses, epiphyses ossify.

  • How do long bones grow in length and width postnatally?

    Length by interstitial growth at epiphyseal plate; width by appositional growth with osteoblasts adding matrix externally and osteoclasts resorbing internally.

  • Which hormones regulate bone growth?

    Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone, and estrogens regulate growth and epiphyseal plate closure.

  • What is bone remodeling and its components?

    Continuous process of bone deposit by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts to maintain bone strength and mineral homeostasis.

  • How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate blood calcium?

    PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium into blood when levels are low; secretion stops when normal levels are restored.

  • What is Wolff's law in bone remodeling?

    Bones grow or remodel in response to mechanical stress, becoming thicker where stress is greatest.

  • What are the stages of bone fracture repair?

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling.

  • What causes osteoporosis and who is most at risk?

    Bone resorption exceeds deposit; most common in postmenopausal women due to estrogen loss.

  • How can osteoporosis be prevented?

    Calcium-rich diet, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol.