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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones, Skeleton, and Joints

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • Types of skeletal cartilages

    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are the three main types of skeletal cartilages, each with distinct structure and locations.

  • Appositional growth of cartilage

    Growth by adding new cartilage matrix on the surface of existing cartilage.

  • Interstitial growth of cartilage

    Growth from within the cartilage by chondrocyte division and matrix secretion.

  • Classification of bones by shape

    Long, short, irregular, and flat bones are the four main classifications based on shape.

  • Functions of bones

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage.

  • Structure of a typical long bone

    Includes the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), and bone membranes.

  • Osteoblast function

    Cells that build bone by secreting bone matrix.

  • Osteoclast function

    Cells that break down bone tissue during remodeling.

  • Lamellae in bone

    Concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding the central canal in osteons.

  • Lacunae in bone

    Small spaces housing osteocytes within the bone matrix.

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue, mainly forming flat bones.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, forming most bones of the body.

  • Hormones regulating bone growth

    Growth hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin regulate bone growth and remodeling.

  • Axial skeleton components

    Includes the skull (with sutures), bony thorax, and vertebral column with curvatures.

  • Paranasal sinuses

    Air-filled cavities in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones that lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

  • Intervertebral disc structure and function

    Discs cushion vertebrae and allow flexibility; composed of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.

  • General vertebrae structure

    Vertebrae have a body, vertebral arch, and processes; types include cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.

  • Appendicular skeleton components

    Includes shoulder and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs.

  • Classification of joints by movement

    Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).

  • Fibrous joints types

    Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses are types of fibrous joints with no joint cavity.

  • Bursae and tendon sheaths

    Fluid-filled sacs and tubular structures that reduce friction around joints and tendons.

  • Movements allowed by synovial joints

    Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, gliding, and angular movements.

  • Knee joint structure

    Complex synovial joint with ligaments, menisci, and bursae allowing flexion and extension.

  • Common joint disorders

    Bursitis, tendonitis, and arthritis types: osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and gouty arthritis.