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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Biology, Tissues, and Molecular Processes

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • DNA
    DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in cells. It consists of nucleotide sequences forming double-stranded helices and serves as the template for transcription.
  • mRNA
    mRNA (messenger RNA) is a single-stranded RNA that carries the genetic code transcribed from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • tRNA
    tRNA (transfer RNA) brings specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation by matching its anticodon to mRNA codons.
  • DNA triplets, mRNA codons, and tRNA anticodons
    A DNA triplet is a sequence of three DNA bases; it is transcribed into an mRNA codon (three RNA bases), which is then matched by a complementary tRNA anticodon during translation.
  • Helicase
    Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during transcription, separating the strands to allow RNA polymerase access.
  • RNA polymerase
    RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA by reading the DNA template strand during transcription.
  • Promotor
    A promotor is a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
  • Start codon
    The start codon (usually AUG) signals the beginning of translation and codes for the first amino acid, methionine.
  • Stop codon
    A stop codon signals the end of translation, instructing the ribosome to release the completed polypeptide.
  • Spliceosomes
    Spliceosomes are complexes that remove introns from pre-mRNA, joining exons to form mature mRNA.
  • Introns and exons
    Introns are non-coding sequences removed from pre-mRNA; exons are coding sequences joined to form the final mRNA.
  • Ribosome A, P, and E sites
    The A site binds incoming tRNA, the P site holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide, and the E site is where tRNA exits after delivering its amino acid.
  • Polypeptide chain formation
    Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis at the ribosome, forming peptide bonds to create a polypeptide chain.
  • Golgi apparatus role in translation
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, folds, and packages proteins made by ribosomes for export or use within the cell.
  • Nucleotide and nitrogenous base
    A nucleotide is the building block of DNA/RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base (A, T/U, C, G).
  • Structural differences between DNA and mRNA
    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar; mRNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.
  • Functional uses of DNA vs RNA types
    DNA stores genetic info; mRNA carries code to ribosomes; rRNA forms ribosome structure; tRNA delivers amino acids.
  • Relationship between amino acid and protein
    A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, folded into a functional molecule.
  • Gene and genome
    A gene is a DNA segment coding for a protein; the genome is the complete set of genes in an organism.
  • Cytoplasm vs cytosol
    Cytoplasm includes cytosol plus organelles; cytosol is the gel-like fluid inside the cell.
  • Simple squamous epithelium
    Flat cells with thin nuclei; found in lung alveoli and capillaries for diffusion of gases and nutrients.
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
    Cube-shaped cells with round nuclei; found in glands and kidney tubules for secretion and absorption.
  • Simple columnar epithelium
    Tall, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei; found in intestines for nutrient absorption and mucus secretion.
  • Transitional epithelium
    Layered cells that stretch from many layers to one; found in urinary bladder to accommodate volume changes.
  • Keratinized vs non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    Keratinized has dead, tough outer layers (skin); non-keratinized has living surface cells (mouth, esophagus).
  • Dense fibrous regular connective tissue
    Parallel collagen fibers; forms tendons and ligaments providing strong, unidirectional tensile strength.
  • Skeletal muscle tissue
    Striated, multinucleated cells under voluntary control; attached to bones for movement.
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
    Striated, branched cells with intercalated discs; involuntary control for heart contractions.
  • Smooth muscle tissue
    Spindle-shaped, non-striated cells with gap junctions; involuntary control in hollow organs for movement of contents.
  • Cell membrane integral proteins
    Proteins spanning the membrane acting as channels, carriers, receptors, or enzymes for cell communication and transport.