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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Function

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is a cell?

    A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

  • What is cell theory?

    Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

  • Name the three major regions of a generalized cell.

    The three major regions are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and provides protection and communication.

  • Define cytoplasm and cytosol.

    Cytoplasm is all cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus; cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

  • What are extracellular materials?

    Extracellular materials are substances found outside cells, including body fluids and cellular secretions.

  • List the classes of extracellular materials.

    Classes include extracellular fluids (e.g., interstitial fluid), cellular secretions (e.g., mucus), and extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance).

  • What is apoptosis?

    Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled process to remove damaged or unnecessary cells.

  • How does a change in size or shape affect a cell's surface-to-volume ratio?

    Increasing size decreases the surface-to-volume ratio, reducing efficiency of exchange; changing shape can increase surface area to improve exchange.

  • Give a biological example of surface-to-volume ratio adaptation.

    Neurons have long extensions to increase surface area for signal transmission despite a small volume.

  • Name common cell shapes.

    Common shapes include spherical, cuboidal, columnar, fusiform, and stellate.

  • What is the function of cuboidal cells?

    Cuboidal cells often function in secretion and absorption, commonly found in glands and kidney tubules.

  • Describe the function of columnar cells.

    Columnar cells are tall and protect underlying tissues; they often absorb and secrete substances.

  • What are the main functions of different cell types?

    Cell types specialize in functions like protection, absorption, secretion, movement, and communication.

  • What is the extracellular matrix?

    The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and carbohydrates outside cells that provides structural support.

  • How does apoptosis benefit the organism?

    Apoptosis removes damaged or unnecessary cells, preventing disease and maintaining tissue health.

  • What is the role of cellular secretions in extracellular materials?

    Cellular secretions like mucus lubricate and protect tissues and facilitate communication between cells.

  • Define cell diversity.

    Cell diversity refers to the variety of cell shapes and functions adapted to specific roles in the body.

  • What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    The nucleus stores genetic material and controls cell activities.

  • How does cytosol differ from cytoplasm?

    Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm, excluding organelles and inclusions.