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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Function

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  • What are the three basic parts common to all human cells?

    Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

  • What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    Acts as a mechanical barrier, provides selective permeability, maintains an electrochemical gradient, enables communication, and allows cell recognition.

  • Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane.

    A thin double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and glycolipids, allowing fluidity and selective permeability.

  • What are the main components of the phospholipid bilayer?

    Polar hydrophilic heads facing outward and nonpolar hydrophobic tails facing inward.

  • What roles do integral proteins play in the plasma membrane?

    They function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors.

  • What is the function of peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?

    Provide structural support, act as enzymes, and serve as motor proteins for cell shape changes and link cells together.

  • What is the glycocalyx and its function?

    A carbohydrate-rich coating on the cell surface formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids; it aids in cell recognition and protection.

  • Name and describe the three types of cell junctions.

    Tight junctions: impermeable seals.
    Desmosomes: anchor cells with keratin filaments.
    Gap junctions: channels for communication and ion passage.

  • What is cytoplasm composed of and what is its function?

    Composed of cytosol (water with solutes), organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton. It is the site of most cellular activities.

  • List the membranous organelles found in cells.

    Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

  • What is the main function of mitochondria?

    Produce most of the cell's ATP through aerobic cellular respiration.

  • What is the difference between free and membrane-bound ribosomes?

    Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use inside the cell; membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for membranes, lysosomes, or export.

  • Compare rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.

  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from the rough ER for transport.

  • What are peroxisomes and their function?

    Membranous sacs containing enzymes that neutralize free radicals and detoxify harmful substances.

  • What role do lysosomes play in the cell?

    Contain enzymes that digest viruses, toxins, bacteria, old cells, and organelles; involved in autolysis.

  • What are the functions of cilia, flagella, and microvilli?

    Cilia move substances across cell surfaces; flagella propel cells; microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

  • What are the three main regions of the nucleus?

    The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin.

  • What is chromatin composed of?

    DNA wrapped around histone proteins forming nucleosomes, which coil and condense into chromosomes.

  • What is the role of the nucleolus?

    Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.