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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Organelles

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What are the three basic parts of a generalized human cell?

    Plasma membrane (flexible outer boundary), cytoplasm (intracellular fluid with organelles), and nucleus (DNA-containing control center).

  • What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    Mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy molecules (ATP) via aerobic cellular respiration.

  • Describe the structure of mitochondria.

    Double membrane organelle with inner membrane folds called cristae that contain proteins for cellular respiration; contains its own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.

  • What are ribosomes and their two forms?

    Nonmembranous organelles that synthesize proteins. Free ribosomes float in cytosol making soluble proteins; membrane-bound ribosomes attach to rough ER making proteins for membranes, lysosomes, or export.

  • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their functions?

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes secreted proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification, glycogen breakdown, and calcium storage.

  • What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

    Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER into vesicles for transport inside or outside the cell.

  • What are lysosomes and their main functions?

    Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, glycogen, and release calcium from bone.

  • What is the cytoskeleton and its three main components?

    An elaborate network of rods in cytosol providing structural support and movement. Components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

  • What are microfilaments and their function?

    Thinnest cytoskeletal elements made of actin; involved in cell motility, shape changes, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

  • What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?

    Intermediate in size; provide tensile strength to resist pulling forces on the cell.

  • Describe microtubules and their function.

    Largest cytoskeletal elements; hollow tubes of tubulin that determine cell shape and organelle distribution.

  • What is the centrosome and what does it contain?

    Microtubule organizing center near the nucleus, containing a granular matrix and a pair of centrioles.

  • What are centrioles and their functions?

    Barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that organize the mitotic spindle during cell division and form bases of cilia and flagella.

  • What are cilia and their function?

    Short, motile cellular extensions that move substances across cell surfaces, e.g., mucus in respiratory tract.

  • What is a flagellum and which human cell has it?

    Longer cellular extension that propels the whole cell; only human cell with flagellum is sperm.

  • What are the three main structures of the nucleus?

    Nuclear envelope (double membrane), nucleoli (ribosomal RNA synthesis), and chromatin (DNA and proteins).

  • What is the nuclear envelope and its special features?

    Double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm; outer membrane continuous with rough ER and studded with ribosomes; contains nuclear pores for substance exchange.

  • What is the function of nucleoli?

    Dark-staining bodies in nucleus involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly.

  • What is chromatin composed of and its function?

    Consists of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%); chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell division to protect DNA.

  • What is the cell theory?

    Cells are the smallest unit of life, all organisms are made of cells, and cells arise only from other cells.