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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell, Tissue, and Membrane Fundamentals

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
  • What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
    Phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins (integral and peripheral), cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
  • Describe the orientation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
    Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
  • What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
    Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity, maintaining membrane integrity under varying temperatures.
  • What is membrane potential and how is it maintained?
    Membrane potential is the difference in charge across the membrane, maintained mainly by ion gradients such as the sodium-potassium pump moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.
  • Name the major organelles and their primary functions.
    Nucleus (DNA storage), mitochondria (ATP production), rough ER (protein synthesis), smooth ER (lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein/lipid modification), lysosomes (waste digestion), ribosomes (protein synthesis).
  • Define osmosis and its direction of water movement.
    Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
  • What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
    The cell loses water and shrinks because the external solute concentration is higher than inside the cell.
  • What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
    To cover surfaces, line cavities, and form glands with tightly packed cells.
  • List types of connective tissue and their functions.
    Loose connective (cushioning), dense connective (support and binding), cartilage (joint support), bone (rigid support), blood (transport).
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart contraction), and smooth (involuntary movement in organs).
  • Describe the layers of the skin.
    Epidermis (outer, keratinized), dermis (middle, dense irregular connective tissue), hypodermis (deep, adipose tissue).
  • What protein provides waterproofing and protection in the epidermis?
    Keratin is the tough, fibrous protein in the epidermis.
  • Differentiate between first, second, and third-degree burns.
    First-degree affects epidermis only; second-degree affects epidermis and part of dermis with blisters; third-degree extends through dermis and may destroy nerves.
  • What are serous membranes and their function?
    Serous membranes line body cavities not open to the exterior and secrete fluid to reduce friction around organs.
  • Name the major body cavities and their contents.
    Cranial (brain), thoracic (heart and lungs), abdominal (digestive organs), pelvic (reproductive and some excretory organs).
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward; standard reference for anatomical descriptions.
  • Explain negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
    Negative feedback reverses changes to maintain stability (e.g., insulin lowering blood glucose); positive feedback amplifies changes (e.g., blood clotting).
  • What is the difference between apoptosis and autolysis?
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death preventing inflammation; autolysis is self-digestion by lysosomal enzymes after cell injury.
  • How do saturated and unsaturated fats affect membrane fluidity?
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and make membranes less fluid; unsaturated fats have double bonds and increase membrane fluidity.