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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell, Tissue, and Membrane Fundamentals

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이 집합의 용어 (102)

  • What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
  • What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
    Phospholipid bilayer, proteins (integral and peripheral), cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
  • Describe the orientation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
    Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
  • What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
    Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity, maintaining membrane integrity under varying temperatures.
  • What is membrane potential and how is it maintained?
    Membrane potential is the difference in charge across the membrane, maintained mainly by ion gradients such as the sodium-potassium pump moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.
  • Name the major organelles and their primary functions.
    Nucleus (DNA storage), mitochondria (ATP production), rough ER (protein synthesis), smooth ER (lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein/lipid modification), lysosomes (waste digestion), ribosomes (protein synthesis).
  • Define osmosis.
    Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
  • What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
    The cell loses water and shrinks because the external solute concentration is higher than inside the cell.
  • What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
    Protection, absorption, and secretion; composed of tightly packed cells and is avascular.
  • List types of connective tissue and their functions.
    Loose connective (cushioning/support), dense connective (tendons, dermis), cartilage (joint support), bone (rigid support), blood (transport).
  • What are the layers of the skin?
    Epidermis (outer, keratinized), dermis (middle, dense irregular connective tissue), hypodermis (deep, adipose tissue).
  • What protein provides waterproofing and protection in the skin?
    Keratin in the epidermis.
  • Describe the degrees of burns.
    First-degree: epidermis only; redness and pain. Second-degree: epidermis and part of dermis; blisters and pain. Third-degree: through dermis; may destroy nerves, requires medical care.
  • What are serous membranes and their function?
    Membranes lining body cavities not open to the exterior; they secrete serous fluid to reduce friction around organs.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward; standard reference for anatomical descriptions.
  • Name the three main body planes.
    Frontal (divides anterior/posterior), transverse (divides superior/inferior), sagittal (divides left/right).
  • Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands.
    Exocrine glands secrete into ducts (e.g., sweat glands); endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid).
  • What is homeostasis?
    Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Compare negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
    Negative feedback reverses changes to maintain stability (e.g., insulin lowering blood glucose); positive feedback amplifies changes (e.g., blood clotting).
  • What is the difference between apoptosis and autolysis?
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death preventing inflammation; autolysis is self-digestion by lysosomal enzymes after cell injury.
  • Why do some tissues heal better than others?
    Tissues like epithelial and connective heal well due to high cell turnover; nervous and muscle tissues heal poorly due to limited cell division.
  • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats in membranes?
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and make membranes less fluid; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds increasing membrane fluidity.

  • What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium, where is it located, what does it look like?

    Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secrete lubricating substance.

    Located in the air sacs of lungs and the the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

    Very Thin.

  • What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, where is it located, and does it look like?

    Secretes and absorbs.

    Located in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules.

    Cube like cells.

  • What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium, where is it located, and what does it look like?

    Absorbs; it also secretes mucous and enzymes.

    Located in Ciliated Tissues are in Bronchi, Uterine Tubes, and Uterus; Smooth (Nonpiliated Tissues) are in the Digestive Tract, Bladder.

    Tall Column like cells.

  • What is the function of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, where is it located, and what does it look like?

    Secretes mucus; Ciliated Tissue moves Mucus.

    Located Ciliated Tissue line the Trachea and mush of the Upper Respiratory Tract.

    Warp Column like cells.

  • What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium , where is it located, and what does it look like?

    Protects against abrasion.

    Located lines the Esophagus, Mouth, and Vagina.

    Thin Honeycomb shape cells.

  • What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium , where is it located, and what does it look like?

    Protective Tissue.

    Located Sweat Glands, Salivary Glands, and the Mammary Glands.

    Honeycomb shaped cells.

  • What is the function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium, where is it located, and what does it look like?

    Secretes and Protects.

    Located the Male Urethra and the Ducts of some Glands.

    Rectangular shaped cells stack upon each other.

  • Why can some tissues heal and others can't?

    Some tissues heal well due to high cell turnover (epithelial, connective), while others (nervous, muscle) heal poorly due to limited regeneration.

  • What are the Body Planes and how do they divide the body?

    • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

    • Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

    • Sagittal plane: Divides body into left and right.

  • What are Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands?

    • Exocrine glands: Secrete products into ducts (e.g., sweat, salivary glands).

    • Endocrine glands: Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands).

  • What are Antheridial Cells?

    Antheridial cells are reproductive cells found in certain plants and fungi, not typically relevant to human anatomy. Additional info: May be included for comparative purposes.

  • How do materials pass between body cavities and external layers, what tissue it has to go through.

    Epithelial Tissue.

  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy studies the structure of body parts.

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology studies the function of body parts.

  • What are the different types of Cavities?

    Pit and Fissure: Deep grooves and pits trap food and bacteria easily.

    Smooth Surface: Develop on the flat, outer sides of teeth.

    Root: Occur on the exposed root surfaces of a tooth.

  • What type of cell does not fully undergo structural regeneration, causing scaring?

    Mature cells.

  • Which specific organelle is primary responsible for lipid synthesis, steroid hormone production, and detoxifying harmful metabolic byproducts within liver cells?

    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

  • Which component of the cell membrane consists of carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to lipids, protruding into the extracellular fluid to assist in cell recognition?

    Glycolipid.

  • Which histological characteristic distinguishes all epithelial tissues from connective, muscle, and nervous tissues?

    They are completely avascular and rest upon an underlying basement membrane.

  • Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone and must withstand intense tensile force in a single direction. Which tissue type forms tendons?

    Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

  • Which category of connective tissue contains chondrocytes housed within small spaces called lacunae and possesses a rubbery matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate?

    Cartilage Tissue.

  • Which layer of the skin contains dermal papillae, capillary loops, and touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles)?

    Papillary layer of the derims.

  • Which serous membrane directly adheres to the outer surface of the lungs?

    Visceral pleura.

  • What are the types of Serous Membranes?

    Pleura: Surrounds the lungs in the thoracic cavity.

    Pericardium: Surrounds the heart in the mediastinum.

    Peritoneum: Lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers its internal organs.

  • What defines the apical surface?

    It faces the body exterior, an internal lumen, or an open cavity.

  • Which cell membrane proteins span the entire lipid bilayer from the intracellular to extracellular surface?

    Transmembrane integral proteins.

  • What is Transitional Epithelium?

    A specialized type of stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers that can stretch and change shape as organs expand and contract.

  • What are the primary cells of connective tissues?

    Fibroblast.

  • Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of what?

    Stratified Epithelia.

  • The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are what?

    chondroytes.

  • What is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells?

    Reticular Connective Tissue.

  • The middle portion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop is called what?

    Mesenchyme.

  • What is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension?

    Fibrocartilage.

  • What is the order of the standard preparation of a histological specimen?

    (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining

  • What is a property of Epithelial Tissue?

    Epithelial tissue is innervated.

  • What are the characteristic of stratified squamous epithelia?

    The basal cells of SSE are cuboidal or columnar.

    SSE protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to wear and tear.

    SSE form a barrier between the internal and external environments.

  • How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

    Endocrine glands do not use ducts.

  • An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.

    Multicellular simple gland.

  • Describes a holocrine gland?

    Secretory cells releasing their products by rupturing.

  • __________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.

    Mucin

  • Which types of cell junctions are needed in a mucosal membrane, such as the digestive tract, to keep the digestive enzymes, juices, and bacteria from leaking out?

    Tight junctions

  • What is a characteristic that would increase absorption in a mucosal membrane?

    Microvilli

  • Epithelial tissue is typically localized to what of the body?

    On the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body

  • Where would you likely find simple squamous epithelium?

    In places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells

  • What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

    To move fluids across the tissue surface.

  • What is an example of pseudostratified epithelium?

    Lining of the trachea.

  • In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.

    Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil.

  • What are the roles of connective tissue?

    Transport.

    Insulation.

    Support.

  • Dense regular connective tissue is dominated by what?

    Collagen fibers.

  • What is the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue?

    Connective tissues high in collagen fibers.

  • What property is most consistent in all connective tissues?

    Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content.

  • What is the most atypical

    connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support?

    Blood.

  • Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________.

    Stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage.

  • What identifies the unique attributes of connective tissue?

    Connective tissue contains a large amount of an extracellular matrix.

  • A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Which type of tissue is being studied?

    Dense regular fibrous connective tissue.

  • Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?

    Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell.

  • What is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix?

    interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins

  • What event must precede all others during tissue repair?

    Inflammation occurs in the damaged area.

  • The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.

    inflammation, organization, and regeneration

  • What tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?

    cardiac muscle and nervous tissue

  • After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________.

    fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting

  • What visual feature sets hyaline cartilage apart from other types of cartilage?

    Matrix appears transparent.

  • What are the primary function(s) of hyaline cartilage?

    Provides structural support

    Provides strength

  • Where is hyaline cartilage found in the body?

    Joints

    Trachea

    Nose

  • Where are chondrocytes located?

    Inside lacunae

  • What layers of skin would be found in the palm of the hand but not the top of the hand?

    stratum lucidum

  • What layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

    stratum corneum

  • In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

    stratum basale

  • What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

    keratinocytes

  • The integument's ability to resist tearing when stretched is largely due to the __________.

    network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis.

  • Which epidermal cells act as sensory touch receptors?

    tactile cells

  • Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

    melanin

  • What is the role of the hair matrix?

    The hair matrix produces hair.

  • Explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

    The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

  • Earwax is made by __________.

    ceruminous glands

  • What are the functions of sebum?

    protection from bacteria

    prevention of water loss

    lubrication of the skin

  • What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

    The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

  • If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would they have a hard time completing?

    thermoregulation

  • What is a sign of a melanoma?

    asymmetry