뒤로Anatomy & Physiology: Cellular Form and Function
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이 집합의 용어 (29)
The plasma membrane (selectively permeable outer barrier), cytoplasm (intracellular fluid with organelles), and the nucleus (controls cellular activity).
About 75% phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, 20% cholesterol, and proteins making up about 50% of membrane weight.
Phosphate heads are hydrophilic and face outward toward watery environments; hydrophobic tails face inward toward each other.
Physical barrier, selective permeability, communication, and cell recognition.
Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase a cell's surface area to aid absorption.
Nonmotile cilia serve sensory roles; motile cilia move substances in a coordinated wave-like motion.
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without ATP; examples include filtration, simple diffusion, and osmosis.
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution.
Hypotonic: lower solute concentration, water enters cell causing swelling.
Hypertonic: higher solute concentration, water leaves cell causing shrinkage.
Isotonic: equal solute concentration, no net water movement.
Carrier-mediated transport moving solutes down their concentration gradient without ATP.
Carrier-mediated transport moving solutes against their concentration gradient using ATP; example is the sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump.
Supports secondary active transport, regulates cell volume, maintains membrane potential, and produces heat.
Process of bringing materials into a cell via vesicles; types include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (e.g., keratin), and microtubules (tubulin).
Translate messenger RNA into proteins; responsible for protein synthesis.
Rough ER synthesizes proteins; smooth ER participates in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from rough ER into vesicles for secretion or use in the cell.
Contain enzymes that digest bacteria, damaged organelles, and cellular debris.
Process of copying DNA before cell division involving helicase unwinding, DNA polymerase matching bases, and ligase joining fragments.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Division of the cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, completing cell division.
Genotype is the genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism; phenotype is the observable traits.
A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele; recessive alleles are expressed only when both alleles are recessive.
Maintains membrane potential essential for nervous system function by exchanging Na+ and K+ ions.
A selective process where cells take in specific molecules by binding them to receptors and forming clathrin-coated vesicles.
Produce ATP through glucose metabolism; known as the cell's powerhouse.
Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation using its anticodon to match mRNA codons.
Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds; guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds.
The cessation of cell division when cells come into contact with each other, preventing overgrowth.