뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1: The Human Body Orientation
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other.
Physiology is the study of the function of body parts.
Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye, including regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, and surface anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, including cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).
Developmental anatomy studies changes in body structures over a lifetime; embryology focuses on development before birth.
The principle states that function depends on structure, and the form of a structure relates directly to its function.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.
The simplest level, where atoms combine to form molecules, which form organelles in cells.
The cellular level is the smallest unit of life, with cells varying in size and shape based on function.
The tissue level consists of groups of cells with a common function.
The organ level is made of at least two tissue types working together to perform specific functions.
A group of organs working closely together to accomplish a specific purpose.
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
It allows an organism to keep internal and external environments separate, maintaining chemical and physical integrity.
Metabolism includes all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite external changes.
Variable, receptor, control center, and effector.
It causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change to maintain stability.
A mechanism that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the original change, amplifying the effect.
The body is erect, facing forward, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.
Axial region (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular region (upper and lower limbs).
Sagittal (right and left), frontal (anterior and posterior), and transverse (superior and inferior).
It houses the central nervous system and includes the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover organs, secreting lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction.
Parietal serosa lines cavity walls; visceral serosa covers organ surfaces.
Oral and digestive cavities, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities, and synovial cavities.