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Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 4 Tissues

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • What are the three steps to prepare tissue for microscopic viewing?

    Fixing (preserving tissue with solvent), sectioning (cutting into thin slices), and staining (enhancing contrast).

  • Name the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.

    Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration.

  • What is the difference between the apical and basal surfaces of epithelial tissue?

    Apical surface faces the body surface or cavity; basal surface faces inward toward the body and is attached to underlying tissue.

  • What are the two main types of epithelial tissue based on layers?

    Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers).

  • Describe the shape classifications of epithelial cells.

    Squamous (flat), cuboidal (boxy), and columnar (tall and thin).

  • What is the function and location of simple squamous epithelium?

    Function: rapid diffusion. Location: kidneys, lungs, lining of blood vessels (endothelium), and serous membranes (mesothelium).

  • What distinguishes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    Single layer with nuclei at different levels; may have cilia and mucus-secreting cells; functions in secretion and mucus propulsion.

  • What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

    Protection of underlying tissues from abrasion.

  • How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones internally into interstitial fluid; exocrine glands secrete products onto body surfaces or cavities via ducts.

  • What are the three modes of secretion in exocrine glands?

    Merocrine (exocytosis), holocrine (rupture of entire cell), and apocrine (apex of cell ruptures).

  • What are the main components of connective tissue?

    Cells, fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance (gel-like matrix).

  • What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

    Immature cells that actively secrete ground substance and extracellular matrix fibers.

  • Describe the characteristics and function of areolar connective tissue.

    Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cushions organs, holds tissue fluid, and participates in inflammation.

  • What distinguishes adipose tissue from areolar tissue?

    Adipose tissue stores nutrients in adipocytes with little matrix; functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage.

  • What is the main function of reticular connective tissue?

    Forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen.

  • How does dense regular connective tissue differ from dense irregular connective tissue?

    Dense regular has parallel collagen fibers for tensile strength in one direction; dense irregular has irregularly arranged fibers for strength in multiple directions.

  • What is the function of elastic connective tissue?

    Allows recoil after stretching; maintains blood flow in arteries and lung recoil.

  • What are the three types of cartilage and their key features?

    Hyaline: firm matrix, supports and cushions; elastic: more elastic fibers, flexible shape; fibrocartilage: thick collagen fibers, absorbs compressive shock.

  • What distinguishes bone tissue from cartilage?

    Bone has a hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers and is highly vascularized; cartilage is flexible, avascular, and has a gel-like matrix.

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue and their control mechanisms?

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; cardiac: involuntary, striated with intercalated discs; smooth: involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped cells.

  • What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

    To regulate and control body functions by transmitting electrical signals and supporting neurons.

  • What are the three types of body membranes and their characteristics?

    Cutaneous: dry skin membrane; mucous: moist membranes lining cavities open to exterior; serous: moist membranes lining closed ventral cavities.