Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 4 - Tissues

A gland is an epithelial structure that secretes substances; glands are classified as exocrine or endocrine.

Glands are made of epithelial tissue.

Exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Modes include merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (part of cell pinches off), and holocrine (whole cell disintegrates).

Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.

Functions include support, protection, binding, insulation, and transport of substances.

Connective tissue consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance forming the extracellular matrix.

Mesenchyme is the embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues.

Types include loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Muscle tissue's major function is movement through contraction.

Muscle tissue is contractile, excitable, extensible, and elastic.

Types include skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary, walls of organs).

Nervous tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Nervous tissue is made of neurons (signal transmitters) and neuroglia (support cells).

Nervous tissue functions to receive, process, and transmit electrical signals for communication.

Membranes include mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.

Membranes are made of epithelial tissue plus an underlying layer of connective tissue.

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped.

Allows passage of materials. Protection not important.

Secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Kidney, sir sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral cavity.

Functions in the absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes/other substances in (nonciliated) digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands. (ciliated) small bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus

Functions in the secretion and absorption in the kidneys, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface.

Single layer of cubelike cells with large central nuclei

Functions in secretion, mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action located in trachea, upper respiratory tract. Noncliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands.

Ciliated-single layer of cells

Functions as protection in underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion located in (nonkeratinzed) moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina.

Keratinzed variety forms epidermis and dry membrane.

Thick membrane of several layers

Functions in stretching of urinary organ in the ureters, bladder, and part of urethra.

Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal

Gel-like matrix with 3 fiber types that functions in wrapping and cushioning organs that is widely distributed. Mucus membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries.

Macrophages phagocytize bacteria, role in inflammation, holds tissue fluid

Closely packed adipocytes (fat cells) that functions to reserve fuel, insulates, supports and protects organs that is located under skin, around kidneys/eyeballs, abdomen and breasts.

Network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance functioning to form a soft Skelton that supports other cell types (WBC, mast cells and macrophages) located in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.

Collagen fibers, few elastic fibers functioning to attach muscles to bones or to muscles, attach to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling fibers in one direction located with tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses.

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers functioning to withstand tension in many directions; provides structural strength located in organs, joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract.

Contains high proportion of elastic fibers functioning to allow recoil of tissue, stretching, maintain flow through arteries, aids in recoil of lungs located in walls of large arteries, ligaments, vertebral column, walls of bronchial tubes

Functions in a cushion and resists stress located in embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, forms costal cartilages of ribs, nose, trachea and larynx.

Functions in maintaining shape and allowing flexibility located in the external ear and epiglottis.

Functions in tensile strength to allowing to absorb shock located in intervertebral discs, public symphysis and knee joint.

Hard calcified matrix containing collagen fibers functions to support and protect located in the bones.

Red/white blood cells in a fluid matrix that transport gas, nutrients and waste located in the blood vessels.

Striations functioning with movement, locomotion, facial expressions nd voluntary control located in skeletal muscles attached to bones.

Branching, striated with intercalated discs functioning in contraction propelling blood into circulation in involuntary control located in walls of the heart.

Cells arranged closely to form sheets functioning to propel substances or a baby along passageways by involuntary control located in walls of hollow organs.

Neurons are branching cells, contributing to nerves tissue and functioning to transmit electrical signals located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.