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Anatomy & Physiology: Chemistry of Life

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What are the three main subatomic particles in an atom?
    Protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).
  • What determines the atomic number of an element?
    The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
  • What is an ionic bond?
    A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, resulting in attraction between positive and negative ions.
  • How is a covalent bond formed?
    By sharing electrons between atoms, allowing each to obey the octet or duet rule.
  • What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?
    Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally due to differences in electronegativity.
  • What are hydrogen bonds?
    Weak attractions between polar covalent molecules where partial positive hydrogen atoms attract partial negative atoms like oxygen.
  • Name the three types of mixtures in chemistry.
    Suspensions, colloids, and solutions differ by particle size and whether particles settle out.
  • What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
    Potential energy is stored energy; kinetic energy is energy of motion.
  • List the three forms of energy in the human body.
    Chemical energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy.
  • What are the three types of chemical reactions?
    Catabolic (breakdown), exchange (oxidation-reduction), and anabolic (building) reactions.
  • What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?
    The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.
  • How do enzymes affect activation energy?
    Enzymes lower activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed.
  • What are the key properties of water important for life?
    High heat capacity, heat transport, cushioning, and lubrication.
  • Why is water considered a universal solvent?
    Because it dissolves many substances due to its polar nature.
  • What defines an acid and a base in water?
    Acids release H+ ions; bases release OH- ions or bind H+.
  • What is the pH scale?
    A scale from 0 to 14 measuring H+ ion concentration; below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic.
  • What are the four major classes of organic compounds?
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What is the basic structure of carbohydrates?
    Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, serving as energy sources.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    An anabolic process that joins monomers by removing water.
  • What is hydrolysis?
    A catabolic process that breaks down polymers by adding water.
  • What are triglycerides composed of?
    One glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
  • What is the function of proteins in the body?
    Proteins serve as enzymes, structural components, defense molecules, communication signals, muscle contraction agents, and energy sources.
  • What is a peptide bond?
    A bond formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
  • What is ATP and its role?
    Adenosine triphosphate is the main chemical energy source for cellular processes.
  • What are nucleotides?
    Monomers of nucleic acids composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.