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Anatomy & Physiology Comprehensive Study Guide

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  • Function of the heart in the cardiovascular system

    The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

  • Role of blood vessels

    Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.

  • Primary function of the respiratory system

    Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood; regulate blood pH.

  • Main organs of the digestive system

    Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas; break down food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste.

  • Functions of the renal/urinary system

    Filter blood, remove metabolic wastes, regulate fluid balance, and manage electrolyte and acid-base levels.

  • Components of the nervous system

    Brain, spinal cord, nerves; detect sensory stimuli, process information, coordinate fast electrical responses.

  • Role of the endocrine system

    Secrete hormones into blood to regulate slower, long-term metabolic processes.

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    Protect against external damage, regulate body temperature, prevent water loss.

  • Primary functions of the skeletal system

    Provide structural support, protect organs, store minerals, house blood-forming tissues.

  • Functions of the muscular system

    Provide body movement, maintain posture, produce heat.

  • Role of the lymphatic/immune system

    Return excess tissue fluid to bloodstream and defend against pathogens.

  • Main function of the reproductive system

    Produce gametes and sex hormones to facilitate reproduction.

  • Describe the anatomical position

    Standing upright, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat and slightly forward.

  • Meaning of superior (cranial)

    Toward the head or upper part of a structure.

  • Meaning of inferior (caudal)

    Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.

  • Definition of anterior (ventral)

    Toward the front of the body.

  • Definition of posterior (dorsal)

    Toward the back of the body.

  • Difference between medial and lateral

    Medial: nearer to midline; lateral: farther from midline.

  • Proximal vs distal

    Proximal: closer to origin or attachment; distal: farther from origin or attachment (limbs).

  • Superficial vs deep

    Superficial: toward or at body surface; deep: away from surface, more internal.

  • Contents of the dorsal body cavity

    Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord).

  • Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

    Pleural cavities (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), and mediastinum (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus).

  • Organs in the abdominal cavity

    Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine.

  • Organs in the pelvic cavity

    Urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum.

  • Four abdominopelvic quadrants and an example organ each

    RUQ: liver; LUQ: stomach; RLQ: appendix; LLQ: sigmoid colon.

  • Sagittal plane and its types

    Divides body into left and right; midsagittal (equal halves), parasagittal (unequal).

  • Frontal (coronal) plane

    Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

  • Transverse (horizontal) plane

    Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

  • Function of the plasma membrane

    Phospholipid bilayer regulating movement of substances in and out of the cell.

  • Role of mitochondria

    Generate ATP via cellular respiration; known as the cell's powerhouses.