뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts
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Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of the body and its parts.
Anatomy describes structure, while physiology explains function; structure and function are complementary.
Epithelial, muscle, nerve, and connective tissue cells, each with distinct structure and function.
Water is distributed mainly in intracellular fluid (~2/3) and extracellular fluid (~1/3), including plasma and interstitial fluid.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Receptor, control center, and effector work together to maintain homeostasis.
Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability, e.g., thermoregulation and blood glucose control.
Positive feedback amplifies a change, e.g., blood clotting to quickly seal wounds.
A chemical element is a substance of one type of atom; major elements are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
Polar compounds have unequal electron sharing and are hydrophilic; nonpolar compounds share electrons equally and are hydrophobic.
Water is a polar molecule with hydrogen bonds; it supports life by dissolving substances and regulating temperature.
Synthesis (building molecules), decomposition (breaking down molecules), and exchange (swapping parts between molecules).
Monomers are single units; polymers are chains of monomers linked together.
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), lipids (fatty acids), proteins (amino acids), nucleic acids (nucleotides).
Primary (peptide bonds), secondary (hydrogen bonds), tertiary (various bonds), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Enzymes speed up reactions without being consumed by lowering the activation energy needed.
Substrate is the reactant; active site is the enzyme region binding substrate; specificity means enzymes act on specific substrates.
Cofactors (inorganic) and coenzymes (organic) assist enzymes in catalysis by stabilizing structure or participating in reactions.
Enzymes have optimal temperature and pH; deviations can denature enzymes and reduce activity.
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates forming a selective barrier.
Integral proteins span the membrane; peripheral proteins attach to the membrane surface.
Tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), and gap junctions (allow communication).
Metabolism is all chemical reactions; catabolic reactions break down molecules; anabolic build molecules.
ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular processes by releasing energy when hydrolyzed.
The membrane allows some substances to pass while restricting others, maintaining internal environment.
Passive transport moves substances down concentration gradients without energy; active transport requires energy to move substances against gradients.
An active transport protein that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell, maintaining membrane potential.