뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts
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Positive feedback amplifies a change in the body, moving conditions away from normal. It has components: receptor, control center, effector. Example: blood clotting.
Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis. Components include receptor, control center, and effector. Example: body temperature regulation.
The body stands upright, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and head facing forward. It is the standard reference for directional terms.
Body planes divide the body into sections: sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom).
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. Imbalances can cause disease.
Major cavities: cranial (brain), thoracic (heart, lungs), abdominal (digestive organs), pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs).
DNA stores genetic info, double-stranded; RNA helps in protein synthesis, single-stranded.
In DNA: Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine. In RNA, Uracil replaces Thymine.
Covalent (polar/nonpolar), ionic, hydrogen, and peptide bonds connect atoms and molecules.
An atom is the smallest unit of an element; a molecule is two or more atoms bonded together.
Cations are positively charged ions; anions are negatively charged ions.
Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy input.
Dehydration synthesis joins molecules by removing water; hydrolysis breaks molecules by adding water.
Monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch) differ by number of sugar units.
The pH scale measures acidity/basicity; it is logarithmic, so each unit change represents a tenfold change in H+ concentration.
Denaturation is the loss of protein structure due to heat, pH changes, or chemicals, affecting function.
ATP stores energy; ADP and AMP are lower-energy forms after phosphate removal.
All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Mitosis phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, each with distinct chromosome behaviors.
RMP is the voltage across the cell membrane at rest, mainly due to Na+ and K+ ion gradients.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against gradients; passive transport moves substances down gradients without energy.
Tonicity describes solution concentration effects: hypotonic causes swelling, hypertonic causes shrinking, isotonic causes no change.
The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Collagen fibers provide strength, elastic fibers allow stretch, reticular fibers form supportive networks.
Epithelium is avascular, has polarity, is regenerative, and covers body surfaces or lines cavities.
Goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate and protect epithelial surfaces.
Membranous organelles have membranes (e.g., mitochondria); non-membranous do not (e.g., ribosomes).
mRNA carries genetic code, tRNA brings amino acids, rRNA forms ribosome structure.
Symporters move two substances in the same direction; antiporters move substances in opposite directions across membranes.