뒤로Anatomy & Physiology: Core Concepts and Levels of Organization
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Physiology is the scientific study of the functions of the body and how its structures work together.
Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while physiology focuses on how those structures function.
Emergent properties are characteristics of a system that its individual components do not possess alone.
The teleological approach explains the why a function occurs, focusing on the purpose or reason.
The mechanistic approach explains the how a function occurs, focusing on the process or mechanism.
1. Structure-function relationship
2. Energy use
3. Gradients and flow
4. Communication
5. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Communication coordinates body functions by transmitting signals between cells and organ systems.
Mass balance means that what enters the body must equal what leaves to maintain stability.
Compartmentation refers to the separation of functions into different spaces or compartments at various levels of organization.
Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
The cell is the smallest unit capable of performing all life processes.
The plasma membrane encloses the cell contents and controls material exchange with the environment.
Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective tissues.
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle tissues.
Nervous tissue initiates and transmits electrical impulses for communication.
Epithelial tissue exchanges materials between the cell and its environment and forms protective barriers.
Exocrine glands secrete products through ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood.
Connective tissue connects, supports, and anchors body parts and contains few cells within abundant extracellular material.
An organ consists of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.
A body system is a group of organs that perform related functions and interact to maintain survival.
Body systems do not act in isolation; they work together to regulate complex processes like blood pressure.
Diagrams showing relationships between anatomical structures and their functions.
They illustrate homeostatic control pathways or the body's responses to abnormal events over time.