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Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts and Systems

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of how structures are arranged together in the body.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how structures function with each other.

  • List the biological levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

    Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

  • Name three functions of living organisms.

    Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.

  • What is the integumentary system responsible for?

    Protects the body from the external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temperature.

  • What are the main functions of the muscular system?

    Produces movement, controls body openings, and generates heat.

  • What are the key roles of the skeletal system?

    Supports and protects the body, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts.

  • How does the nervous system control body functions?

    Regulates body functions rapidly using action potentials for sensation, movement, and higher mental functions.

  • What is the role of the endocrine system?

    Regulates body functions slowly through hormones secreted by glands.

  • Describe the cardiovascular system's main functions.

    Pumps and delivers blood, exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes, and removes wastes from tissues.

  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?

    Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity against disease.

  • What does the respiratory system do?

    Delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide, and maintains acid-base balance.

  • What is the digestive system's primary function?

    Obtains nutrients from ingested food.

  • What are the main functions of the urinary system?

    Removes metabolic wastes, regulates blood volume and composition, and stimulates blood cell production.

  • What is the reproductive system responsible for?

    Produces gametes, supports fetal development, secretes hormones, and enables sexual function.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Body upright, facing observer, head and eyes forward, feet flat and forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional terms: anterior vs. posterior.

    Anterior means front; posterior means back.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Sagittal (left-right), frontal (anterior-posterior), transverse (superior-inferior).

  • What are serous membranes?

    Double-walled membranes lining body cavities that do not open to the exterior, with parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers separated by serous fluid.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Dynamic equilibrium of internal variables maintained by functional interactions and body fluids.

  • Name the three components of a feedback system.

    Receptor, control center, and effector.

  • What is negative feedback?

    A feedback mechanism that inhibits changes in regulated variables to maintain homeostasis.

  • Give an example of positive feedback.

    Blood clotting or child labor, where changes are enhanced rather than inhibited.

  • What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

    A symptom is a subjective change felt by the patient; a sign is an objective, measurable change.

  • Explain the core principle of structure and function.

    Structure and function are interrelated; the shape of a structure influences its function.

  • What role do gradients play in physiology?

    Gradients drive physiological processes by creating differences in concentration, pressure, or temperature.

  • Why is cell-to-cell communication important?

    It coordinates body functions by allowing cells to respond and adapt to changes.