뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts
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Anatomy is the study of form or structure of the body.
Physiology is the study of function of the body.
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male Reproductive, Female Reproductive
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within a given range.
Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N)
An ionic bond forms when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, creating charged ions that attract each other.
A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons. Types: non-polar (equal sharing) and polar (unequal sharing).
Weak attractions between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms in polar molecules; not true bonds.
Acids donate H+ ions, bases accept H+ ions, and buffers prevent large pH changes by hiding or revealing H+ ions.
Electrolytes are ions (cations and anions) separated from salts dissolved in water that conduct electricity.
Inorganic compounds generally lack carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g., water, acids, bases), while organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides).
Provide fuel for energy, structural components (cell membranes), and backbone of genetic material (DNA, RNA).
Three fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis to a glycerol backbone; serve as storage molecules for fatty acids.
Glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails (non-polar) and one phosphate head (polar); amphiphilic, forms cell membranes.
Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helix via H bonds), Tertiary (R group interactions), Quaternary (assembly of polypeptides).
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the main chemical energy source in the body, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles), cytoskeleton, and nucleus.
By forming a phospholipid bilayer that is amphiphilic, interacting with water on both sides and repelling water to separate fluids.
Uniporter (transports one substance), Antiporter (transports two substances in opposite directions), Symporter (transports substances in the same direction).
Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy; active transport moves molecules against the gradient using energy (ATP or kinetic energy).
Passive movement of water across a membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration, often through aquaporin channels.
Interphase (growth, DNA replication), M phase (mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve tissues.
ECM is the surrounding material of tissues made of ground substance and protein fibers; it provides strength, support, and directs cell positioning.
Collagen fibers resist tension, elastic fibers allow stretch and recoil, reticular fibers form scaffolds supporting cells and ground substance.
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions connect adjacent cells to maintain tissue integrity and communication.
By number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
Exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts with local effects; endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream with distant effects.
Single-cell exocrine glands that secrete mucus to protect and lubricate epithelial surfaces in digestive and respiratory tracts.
Loose connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue (elastic), and reticular tissue.
Connecting tissues and organs, support, protection, and transport (blood).
Hyaline (articular surfaces), fibrocartilage (fibrous joints), elastic cartilage (ears, larynx).