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Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • Organization of living organisms
    Living organisms are organized from atoms to molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally the whole organism.
  • Characteristics of living organisms
    Include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis.
  • Anatomical position
    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
  • Directional terms in anatomy
    Terms like superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal describe locations relative to body parts.
  • Homeostasis
    The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Negative feedback loop components
    Includes receptor, control center, and effector working to reverse a change and maintain homeostasis.
  • Positive feedback loop
    Amplifies a response, moving the system away from homeostasis temporarily, e.g., blood clotting or childbirth.
  • Serous membranes and their function
    Three types: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum; they reduce friction between organs and body walls.
  • Cell membrane composition
    Composed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
  • Phospholipid bilayer structure
    Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward.
  • Extracellular fluid vs interstitial fluid
    Extracellular fluid includes all body fluids outside cells; interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells.
  • Diffusion
    Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
  • Osmosis
    Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
  • Facilitated diffusion
    Passive transport of molecules across membranes via specific carrier proteins.
  • Active transport
    Energy-dependent movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP.
  • Osmolarity: hypotonic vs hypertonic solutions
    Hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell (hemolysis); hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink (crenation).
  • Protein synthesis phases
    Two phases: transcription (DNA to mRNA in nucleus) and translation (mRNA to protein in cytoplasm).
  • DNA structure and function
    Double helix of nucleotides; DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands during replication.
  • mRNA creation during transcription
    mRNA is synthesized complementary to DNA template strand, carrying the code for protein synthesis.
  • mRNA and tRNA interaction
    tRNA anticodons pair with mRNA codons to add specific amino acids during translation.
  • Codons and anticodons
    Codons are three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA; anticodons are complementary sequences on tRNA.
  • Four tissue types of the body
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • Epithelial tissue characteristics
    Covers body surfaces, lines cavities; classified as simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
  • Connective tissue categories
    Includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • Loose connective tissue functions
    Areolar tissue cushions organs; adipose stores energy and insulates.
  • Dense connective tissue types
    Dense regular tissue resists tension in one direction; dense irregular resists tension in multiple directions.
  • Cartilage growth types
    Interstitial growth expands cartilage from within; appositional growth adds new layers on the surface.
  • Exocrine glands
    Secrete substances onto body surfaces or into cavities; abundant in skin and digestive tract.
  • Five layers of the epidermis
    From deep to superficial: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
  • Keratin and melanin roles
    Keratin provides skin strength; melanin gives pigmentation and protects against UV radiation.
  • Burn degrees
    1st degree affects epidermis; 2nd degree affects epidermis and dermis; 3rd degree extends through all skin layers.