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Anatomy & Physiology: DNA, RNA, and ATP Basics

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  • What is the structure of DNA?
    DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides forming a double helix with complementary base pairs held by hydrogen bonds.
  • Which bases pair together in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds hold them?
    Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) with 3 hydrogen bonds; Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) with 2 hydrogen bonds.
  • What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel?
    The two DNA strands run in opposite directions: one strand runs 5’ to 3’ and the other 3’ to 5’.
  • What is a gene?
    A gene is a sequence of DNA bases that codes for the synthesis of RNA or protein.
  • How does RNA differ from DNA?
    RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is mostly active outside the nucleus.
  • Name the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
    Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  • Where is DNA primarily located in the cell?
    DNA is primarily located in the nucleus.
  • Where is RNA primarily found in the cell?
    RNA is primarily found in the cytoplasm.
  • What sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
    Deoxyribose sugar.
  • What sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
    Ribose sugar.
  • What is ATP and why is it important?
    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the body's energy currency, storing and providing energy for cellular processes.
  • What happens when ATP is broken down?
    ATP breaks down into ADP + Pi + energy, releasing energy for anabolic processes and cellular activities.
  • How is ATP regenerated in the body?
    ATP is regenerated from ADP + Pi + energy released by catabolism of glucose and other nutrients.
  • What are the components of an ATP molecule?
    ATP consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups linked by high-energy bonds.
  • What type of bond in ATP stores high energy?
    The bonds between phosphate groups, especially the terminal phosphate bond, store high energy.
  • What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
    ATP provides the energy required to drive muscle contraction and other cellular processes.
  • What is the difference between AMP, ADP, and ATP?
    AMP has one phosphate, ADP has two phosphates, and ATP has three phosphates.
  • What base does RNA use instead of thymine?
    RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
  • What determines the primary structure of a protein?
    The base sequence of a gene in DNA determines the primary structure of a protein.
  • What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
    mRNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.