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Anatomy & Physiology: Endocrine and Cardiovascular System Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (13)

  • Compare amino acid and steroid hormones

    Amino acid hormones are water-soluble and act on membrane receptors; steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and act on intracellular receptors.

  • Relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

    The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones that regulate pituitary hormone secretion.

  • Difference between anterior and posterior pituitary

    The anterior pituitary produces and releases hormones under hypothalamic control; the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

  • Multi-tiered feedback in endocrine system

    Multi-tiered feedback involves multiple glands where hormones from one gland regulate another, with negative feedback loops controlling hormone levels.

  • Pancreas role in glucose homeostasis

    The pancreas regulates blood glucose by releasing insulin to lower and glucagon to raise blood sugar levels.

  • Pulmonary vs systemic circuits

    The pulmonary circuit moves blood between heart and lungs; the systemic circuit moves blood between heart and body tissues.

  • Path of blood flow through the heart

    Blood flows: body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body.

  • Importance of coronary circulation

    Coronary circulation supplies the heart muscle with oxygen; blockage can cause ischemia or heart attack.

  • Action potential steps in pacemaker cells

    Pacemaker cells depolarize spontaneously due to slow Na+ influx, Ca2+ influx, and K+ efflux, generating rhythmic impulses.

  • Parts of an EKG and their significance

    P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.

  • Events of the cardiac cycle

    The cardiac cycle includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole phases coordinating heart contraction and relaxation.

  • Definition of cardiac output and its factors

    Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped per minute, calculated as heart rate × stroke volume.

  • Mechanisms controlling cardiac output

    Cardiac output is controlled by autonomic nervous system input, venous return, and hormonal signals.