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Anatomy & Physiology: Endocrine System and Blood Components

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  • What are the main endocrine glands to identify?

    The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.

  • Which gland secretes insulin and what is its function?

    The pancreas secretes insulin, which lowers blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake.

  • What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete and its primary function?

    The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism and growth.

  • Name the components that make up blood.

    Plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

  • What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    To carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues using hemoglobin.

  • List the types of white blood cells you should identify.

    Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

  • What is the function of neutrophils?

    Neutrophils are the first responders that phagocytize bacteria and debris.

  • What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system?

    Lymphocytes are responsible for specific immune responses, including antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.

  • How do eosinophils contribute to immunity?

    Eosinophils combat parasitic infections and modulate allergic inflammatory responses.

  • What is the function of basophils in blood?

    Basophils release histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation.

  • Describe the role of monocytes in blood.

    Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to phagocytize pathogens and present antigens.

  • What are platelets and their function?

    Platelets are cell fragments that initiate blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

  • What determines a person’s blood type?

    Presence or absence of specific antigens (A, B) on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma.

  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type A?

    Blood type A has A antigens on RBCs and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type B?

    Blood type B has B antigens on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma.

  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type AB?

    Blood type AB has both A and B antigens on RBCs and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type O?

    Blood type O has no A or B antigens on RBCs and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

  • What is the Rh factor and its significance in blood typing?

    The Rh factor is a protein antigen; Rh-positive means presence, Rh-negative means absence, important for transfusion compatibility.

  • How do you interpret a blood typing test result?

    Clumping (agglutination) indicates presence of the corresponding antigen on RBCs reacting with antibodies in the test serum.

  • Why is understanding antibodies and antigens important in blood transfusions?

    To prevent immune reactions where antibodies attack incompatible donor RBC antigens, causing hemolysis.