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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (35)

  • Define Anatomy

    Anatomy is the structure of a part and its relationship to other structures.

  • Define Physiology

    Physiology is the function of a part, individually and as part of a system.

  • What is Gross Anatomy?

    Gross anatomy studies large, easily observable structures.

  • What is Microscopic Anatomy?

    Microscopic anatomy studies structures that must be viewed under a microscope.

  • Describe Anatomical Position

    Anatomical position is standing with face, toes, and palms facing forward; a common reference point for anatomical terms.

  • Define Homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment.

  • List the Levels of Organization from smallest to largest

    Chemical (atom, molecules, organelles) > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism.

  • Name the three main Body Planes and their divisions

    Sagittal: divides left and right; Frontal (Coronal): divides anterior and posterior; Transverse: divides superior and inferior.

  • What are the two main Body Cavities and their subdivisions?

    Dorsal cavity: Cranial (brain) and Vertebral (spinal cord); Ventral cavity: Thoracic (mediastinum, pericardial, pleural) and Abdominopelvic (abdominal, pelvic).

  • Which membranes line the Dorsal and Ventral cavities?

    Dorsal cavity lined by meninges; Ventral cavity lined by parietal serous membrane, organs lined by visceral serous membrane.

  • Name the 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

    Middle: epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric; Left and Right: hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac.

  • List the 11 Organ Systems and their major functions

    Integumentary: protection; Skeletal: support; Muscular: movement; Nervous: control; Endocrine: hormones; Cardiovascular: transport; Lymphatic: immunity; Respiratory: gas exchange; Digestive: nutrient breakdown; Urinary: waste removal; Reproductive: produce gametes.

  • What are the 4 Necessary Life Functions?

    Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

  • What are the 4 Needs for Survival?

    Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Temperature.

  • Describe the 3 Homeostatic Mechanisms

    Sensor: detects change; Control center: processes info and activates effector; Effector: produces response.

  • Difference between Negative and Positive Feedback Loops

    Negative feedback reverses change to maintain homeostasis (most common). Positive feedback amplifies change until a cutoff (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).

  • Define Molecule and Compound

    Molecule: two or more atoms bonded; Compound: molecule with atoms from different elements.

  • Difference between Inorganic and Organic Compounds

    Inorganic: usually no carbon-hydrogen bonds (water, acids, bases, salts); Organic: contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

  • Name the 3 types of chemical bonds

    Covalent: sharing electrons; Ionic: transfer of electrons; Hydrogen: attraction between polar regions.

  • List 4 Properties of Water

    High heat capacity, protection/lubrication, universal solvent, transport medium.

  • What are the 4 Major Biological Elements?

    Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON).

  • Name the 4 major biological molecules and their monomers

    Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; Lipids: no monomers; Proteins: amino acids; Nucleic acids: nucleotides.

  • Explain the pH scale basics

    pH 7 = neutral; below 7 acidic; above 7 basic; each pH step changes acidity by factor of 10.

  • Define Solute, Solvent, and Solution

    Solute: substance dissolved; Solvent: fluid dissolving solute; Solution: solute dissolved in solvent.

  • Difference between Active and Passive Transport

    Active transport requires energy (ATP); Passive transport does not and moves substances down concentration gradient.

  • Name the 3 types of Passive Transport

    Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion (via protein channels), Osmosis (water diffusion).

  • What happens to a cell in hypertonic vs hypotonic solution?

    Hypertonic: cell loses water and shrinks; Hypotonic: cell gains water and swells or bursts.

  • Name the 3 main regions of a cell

    Nucleus (DNA), Cytoplasm (fluid and organelles), Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer).

  • Function of Ribosomes

    Site of protein synthesis; can be free or bound to Rough ER.

  • Function of Mitochondria

    Produces ATP; known as the powerhouse of the cell.

  • Role of Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    Rough ER: protein synthesis and transport; Smooth ER: lipid synthesis.

  • Function of Golgi Apparatus

    Packages and ships proteins and other materials received from ER.

  • Role of Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

    Lysosomes digest old cell parts; Peroxisomes break down toxins.

  • Describe the Cytoskeleton and its extensions

    Provides cell support and movement; includes microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments; extensions: cilia, flagella, microvilli.

  • What is the Cell Cycle and purpose of Mitosis?

    Cell cycle is life of cell; mitosis divides replicated chromosomes equally into two new cells.