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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function.

  • Divisions of anatomy

    Includes gross anatomy (macroscopic), microscopic anatomy (cells and tissues), and developmental anatomy (changes over time).

  • Levels of complexity in the body

    From simplest to complex: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

  • Definition of homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability; positive feedback amplifies a change to complete a process.

  • Components of a homeostatic feedback system

    Includes stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, and effector.

  • Use of directional terminology

    Terms describe location: superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, and deep/superficial.

  • Body planes

    Include sagittal (left/right), frontal (coronal) (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom) planes.

  • Basic subdivisions of dorsal and ventral body cavities

    Dorsal cavity: cranial and spinal cavities; ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Characteristics of the three serous membranes

    They line body cavities and cover organs: parietal (cavity wall), visceral (organ surface), and serous fluid between them reduces friction.

  • Difference between intracellular and extracellular

    Intracellular is inside the cell; extracellular is outside the cell in the fluid or matrix.

  • Three types of cellular adhesions

    Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions connect cells and allow communication or barrier functions.

  • Process of cell signaling

    Involves a signal molecule binding to a cell receptor, triggering a response inside the target cell.

  • Characteristics of the three types of cellular receptors

    Ion channel-linked, enzyme-linked, and G-protein coupled receptors differ in how they transmit signals.

  • Four tissue categories

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, each with distinct functions and structures.

  • Classes of epithelial tissue and naming

    Named by layers (simple, stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

  • Functional differences of glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts.

  • Characteristics of epithelial membranes

    Composed of epithelial layer plus connective tissue; include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes.

  • Classes of connective tissue

    Includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood, differing in matrix and cell types.

  • Differences between connective and epithelial tissue

    Connective tissue has abundant extracellular matrix; epithelial tissue has minimal matrix and covers surfaces.

  • Features of connective tissues discussed

    Vary in fiber types (collagen, elastic), cell types (fibroblasts, macrophages), and functions (support, protection).

  • Basic steps of tissue repair after injury

    Includes inflammation, organization (tissue formation), and regeneration or fibrosis.