뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review - Ready to Rumble
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1/23뒤로Skip to main content뒤로What are the shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum called?
Sulci (sulcus) are the shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum. What are the deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum called?
Fissures are the deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum. What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum called?
Gyri (gyrus) are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum. What is the function of basal nuclei in the brain?
Basal nuclei modify activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary, unintentional ones. What is the outermost connective tissue layer of a nerve called?
Epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue that holds motor and sensory axons together. What connective tissue surrounds fascicles within a nerve?
Perineurium surrounds small groups of bundled axons called fascicles. What connective tissue sheath surrounds each axon within a fascicle?
Endoneurium surrounds each individual axon within a fascicle. Where is the primary motor cortex located and what is its function?
Located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, it is involved in conscious planning of movement and controls motor activity of the opposite side of the body. During which stage of sleep do most dreams occur?
Most dreams occur during REM sleep (rapid eye movement), characterized by rapid eye movements and brain waves resembling beta waves. Name the three types of cerebral white matter fibers and their functions.
Commissural fibers connect hemispheres; Projection fibers connect cortex with other brain areas and spinal cord; Association fibers connect cortical gyri within one hemisphere. List the meninges from superficial to deep.
Dura mater (outermost), Arachnoid mater (middle), and Pia mater (deepest, in contact with brain tissue). What spinal nerves form the sacral plexus and what major nerve does it include?
The sacral plexus is formed from anterior rami of spinal nerves L4–S4 and includes the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body. What is the Golgi tendon reflex and its function?
A polysynaptic reflex that protects muscles and tendons from damage by causing muscle relaxation when tension increases dramatically. What are the three regions of spinal gray matter and their functions?
Anterior horn: somatic motor neurons; Posterior horn: sensory processing; Lateral horn: autonomic motor neurons (T1-L2). What type of receptors depolarize in response to noxious stimuli (pain)?
Nociceptors are slowly adapting exteroceptors that respond to painful stimuli. What structures produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
CSF is produced mainly by choroid plexuses, networks of blood vessels, and some by ependymal cells. Name the three types of neurons involved in eliciting a muscle contraction.
Upper motor neurons (in cerebral cortex), interneurons (relay), and lower motor neurons (in anterior horn, innervate muscles). In the sympathetic nervous system, are preganglionic axons short or long?
Preganglionic axons in the sympathetic nervous system are short, while postganglionic axons are generally long. What channels open during repolarization of an action potential?
Voltage-gated potassium ion channels open, allowing K+ to flow out and the cell to become more negative. List three effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on the body.
Promotes rest and digest functions such as decreased heart rate, increased digestion, and pupil constriction. Name the three sensory cranial nerves and their functions.
Olfactory (I): smell; Optic (II): vision; Vestibulocochlear (VIII): hearing and balance. Which cranial nerves control eye movement?
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) control eye movement. Which neuroglial cell in the CNS myelinates axons?
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS.
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