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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Review

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (26)

  • Synovial joint components

    Synovial joints include the articular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, ligaments, and the joint capsule.

  • Planes of movement in synovial joints

    Synovial joints allow movement in planes such as sagittal, frontal, and transverse depending on the joint type.

  • Definition of flexion

    Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two bones.

  • Definition of extension

    Extension is the movement that increases the angle between two bones.

  • Definition of abduction

    Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

  • Definition of adduction

    Adduction is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

  • Sprained ankle underlying issue

    A sprained ankle involves stretched or torn ligaments around the ankle joint.

  • Tommy John surgery purpose

    Tommy John surgery repairs a torn ulnar collateral ligament in the elbow.

  • Difference between arthritis types

    Osteoarthritis is wear-and-tear joint degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammation of joints.

  • Role of articular cartilage

    Articular cartilage covers bone ends in joints to reduce friction and absorb shock.

  • Types of cartilaginous joints

    Cartilaginous joints include synchondroses (hyaline cartilage) and symphyses (fibrocartilage).

  • Types of fibrous joints

    Fibrous joints include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, connected by dense connective tissue.

  • Ligaments involved in the patellar reflex

    The patellar ligament connects the patella to the tibia and is involved in the knee-jerk reflex.

  • Components of a muscle fiber

    A muscle fiber contains myofibrils, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei.

  • Structure of a sarcomere

    A sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle contraction, defined by Z-discs and containing actin and myosin filaments.

  • Definition of motor neuron

    A motor neuron transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscle fibers.

  • Types of muscle contraction

    Muscle contractions include isotonic (concentric and eccentric) and isometric contractions.

  • Differences between cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

    Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary; skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary; smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

  • Functions of muscle tissue

    Muscle tissue enables movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat.

  • Proteins involved in skeletal muscle contraction

    Key proteins include actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin.

  • Cause of rigor mortis

    Rigor mortis occurs due to ATP depletion, causing myosin heads to remain bound to actin.

  • Fate of pyruvate during vigorous exercise

    During vigorous exercise, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid via anaerobic glycolysis.

  • Sliding filament model concept

    The sliding filament model describes actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments to shorten the sarcomere during contraction.

  • Changes in sarcomere during contraction

    During contraction, the sarcomere shortens, the H zone and I band narrow, while the A band remains constant.

  • Steps of an action potential

    Action potential steps: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization of the neuron membrane.

  • Effect of blocking ACh at the NMJ

    If acetylcholine (ACh) is blocked at the neuromuscular junction, muscle contraction cannot be initiated.