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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • What are articulations in anatomy?

    Articulations are joints where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and providing mechanical support.

  • How are joints classified by structure?

    Joints are classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on the type of connective tissue binding the bones.

  • Give examples and range of motion for fibrous joints.

    Fibrous joints include sutures in the skull (immovable) and syndesmoses like the distal tibiofibular joint (slightly movable).

  • How are joints classified by function?

    Functional classification groups joints by movement: synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).

  • Describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints.

    Cartilaginous joints connect bones with cartilage, allowing limited movement and lacking a joint cavity.

  • Name and give examples of the two common types of cartilaginous joints.

    Synchondroses (e.g., epiphyseal plates) and symphyses (e.g., pubic symphysis) are the two main types.

  • What are the structural characteristics of synovial joints?

    Synovial joints have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular cartilage, a fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, and often bursae or tendon sheaths.

  • List the six general features of synovial joints.

    Features include articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and nerves and blood vessels.

  • Compare bursae and tendon sheaths.

    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between tissues; tendon sheaths are elongated bursae surrounding tendons to reduce friction during movement.

  • Name three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints.

    Joint stability is enhanced by muscle tone, ligaments, and the shape of articulating surfaces.

  • What are common body movements at synovial joints?

    Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

  • Name the six types of synovial joints by movement allowed.

    Types are plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

  • What bones articulate at the shoulder joint?

    The humerus and scapula form the shoulder joint, a ball-and-socket joint allowing wide range of motion.

  • Describe the elbow joint's anatomical characteristics and movements.

    The elbow is a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna, allowing flexion and extension.

  • What are the articulating bones of the hip joint?

    The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

  • What is the TMJ and its movement types?

    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jawbone to the skull, allowing hinge and gliding movements.

  • What are the 3 C’s of common knee injury?

    The 3 C’s are cruciate ligament injury, cartilage (meniscus) tear, and collateral ligament injury.

  • Compare common types of arthritis.

    Osteoarthritis is degenerative; rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune; gouty arthritis results from uric acid crystals.

  • What causes Lyme disease and its consequences?

    Lyme disease is caused by a tick-borne bacterium, leading to joint inflammation and arthritis if untreated.

  • Why is Lyme disease less common on the US West Coast?

    Lower incidence is due to fewer tick vectors and different ecological conditions on the West Coast.

  • What are the three basic types of muscle tissue?

    Muscle types are skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary, walls of organs).

  • List four main characteristics of muscle tissue.

    Muscle tissue is excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

  • What are four important functions of muscle tissue?

    Functions include movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat generation.

  • Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle.

    A skeletal muscle is composed of muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue sheaths: endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.

  • What is the role of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules in muscle fibers?

    Myofibrils contain contractile filaments; sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium; T tubules transmit action potentials.

  • Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.

    During contraction, actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere without changing filament length.

  • What are the four steps of the cross bridge cycle?

    Steps: cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge detachment, and cocking of myosin head.

  • Describe the events at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that stimulate muscle contraction.

    Action potential triggers acetylcholine release, which binds receptors, causing depolarization and muscle fiber excitation.

  • What causes myasthenia gravis?

    Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle weakness.

  • What causes rigor mortis?

    Rigor mortis occurs due to ATP depletion after death, preventing cross bridge detachment and causing muscle stiffness.

  • How is ATP regenerated during skeletal muscle contraction?

    ATP is regenerated by creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration.