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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide - Joints and Muscles

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  • What are articulations (joints)?

    Articulations or joints allow for motion of the body and hold it together, sometimes providing protection.

  • Name the three structural classifications of joints.

    Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, and Synovial joints.

  • What characterizes fibrous joints and give examples?

    Bones connected by collagen fibers; very little to no movement. Examples: Sutures (skull), Syndesmosis (ligaments between radius/ulna), Gomphosis (tooth roots).

  • Describe cartilaginous joints and give examples.

    Bones joined by cartilage without a joint cavity. Examples: Synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate), Symphysis (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

  • What defines synovial joints structurally?

    Bones connected by a fluid-filled cavity, articular cartilage, enclosed in an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane; all are diarthrotic (freely movable).

  • List the six types of synovial joints.

    Plane, Condylar, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Ball-and-socket joints.

  • What are the six general features of synovial joints?

    Articular cartilage, Articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), Joint cavity, Synovial fluid, Reinforcing ligaments, Nerves and blood vessels.

  • Compare bursae and tendon sheaths.

    Bursae reduce friction between ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones; tendon sheaths wrap around tendons to reduce friction.

  • Name three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints.

    Shape of articular surfaces, muscle tone, and number and positioning of ligaments.

  • Define the three functional classifications of joints by mobility.

    Synarthroses (immobile), Amphiarthroses (slightly mobile), Diarthroses (freely movable).

  • What are the common body movements at joints?

    Gliding, Angular movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction), and Rotation (medial and lateral).

  • Give examples and movements allowed by the six synovial joint types.

    Plane (gliding), Hinge (flexion/extension), Pivot (rotation), Condylar (biaxial), Saddle (biaxial), Ball-and-socket (multiaxial).

  • What bones articulate at the shoulder joint?

    Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.

  • Describe the stability features of the shoulder joint.

    Glenoid labrum and rotator cuff tendons reinforce the joint.

  • What is the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?

    Ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), ruptured tibial collateral ligament, and torn meniscus.

  • Compare osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

    Osteoarthritis is degenerative and irreversible; rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune with inflammation of synovial membrane.

  • What causes Lyme disease and how is it treated?

    Caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites; treated with antibiotics.

  • Name the three types of muscle tissue and a key feature of each.

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), Cardiac (involuntary, striated), Smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • List the four main characteristics of muscle tissue.

    Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity.

  • What are the connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle?

    Epimysium (whole muscle), Perimysium (fascicle), Endomysium (muscle fiber).

  • Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.

    Thin filaments slide past thick filaments; I band and Z disc shorten; H zone disappears; filaments do not change length.

  • What triggers muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?

    Action potential causes release of acetylcholine, which binds to receptors and triggers depolarization of muscle fiber.

  • Outline the four steps of the cross-bridge cycle.

    1) Cross-bridge formation, 2) Power stroke, 3) Detachment by ATP, 4) ATP hydrolysis resets myosin head.

  • What causes rigor mortis?

    Myosin heads remain attached to actin because no ATP is available to detach them after death.

  • Name three ways ATP is regenerated during muscle contraction.

    Phosphorylation by creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration.