뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Exam I Study Guide
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts, including cytology (cells), regional, systemic, and surface anatomy.
Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of the body and its parts.
Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions; extreme deviations can cause dysfunction or death. Examples include body temperature regulation and blood glucose control.
Negative feedback: body temperature regulation; Positive feedback: blood clotting and childbirth contractions.
Include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homeostasis.
\(\text{Food} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \text{Energy}\) represents the general metabolic process.
Cytology studies individual cells; Histology studies tissues composed of cells.
An organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems.
Structure equals function means anatomical features are designed to perform specific roles, e.g., alveoli's thin walls facilitate gas exchange.
Gradients (e.g., concentration, pressure) drive processes like diffusion and blood flow essential for homeostasis.
Cells communicate via chemical signals, receptors, and electrical impulses to coordinate functions.
An atom consists of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative). The atomic number equals protons.
The number and arrangement of electrons in the outer shell determine chemical properties.
Include ionic (transfer of electrons), covalent (sharing electrons), and hydrogen bonds (weak attractions).
An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons but different neutrons; radioisotopes are used in medical imaging and treatment.
Endergonic reactions absorb energy; exergonic reactions release energy.
Anabolism builds molecules using energy; Catabolism breaks down molecules releasing energy.
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, facilitating biochemical reactions.
pH measures acidity; buffers maintain stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, each with specific monomers and functions.
Dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.
ATP stores and transfers energy; the terminal phosphate bond releases energy during exergonic reactions.
All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.
The membrane is a fluid bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins that move laterally, allowing flexibility and function.
Passive transport requires no energy (diffusion, osmosis); active transport requires energy to move substances against gradients.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Nucleus (control center), mitochondria (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (protein/lipid processing), Golgi (packaging), lysosomes (digestion).
A network of membranes including ER, Golgi, vesicles, and plasma membrane that synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein through transcription and translation.