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Anatomy & Physiology: Eye and Vision

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  • Accessory structures of the eye
    Structures that support and protect the eye, including eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles.
  • Aqueous humor
    Clear fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye that nourishes the cornea and lens and maintains intraocular pressure.
  • Vitreous humor
    Gel-like substance filling the posterior chamber of the eye, helping maintain its shape and optical properties.
  • Cornea
    Transparent, curved front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye.
  • Electromagnetic spectrum
    Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, with visible light being the portion detectable by the human eye.
  • Emmetropic eye
    An eye with normal vision where light focuses directly on the retina without the need for correction.
  • Focal point
    The point where light rays converge after passing through a lens or cornea.
  • Hyperopic eye
    Also called farsightedness; the eye focuses light behind the retina, causing difficulty seeing close objects.
  • Iris
    Colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye.
  • Lacrimal apparatus
    Structures involved in tear production and drainage, including lacrimal glands and ducts.
  • Lens
    Transparent, flexible structure that changes shape to focus light on the retina.
  • Macula lutea and fovea centralis
    Macula lutea is a yellowish area on the retina; the fovea centralis is its center with the highest concentration of cones for sharp vision.
  • Myopic eye
    Also called nearsightedness; the eye focuses light in front of the retina, causing difficulty seeing distant objects.
  • Optic disc (blind spot)
    Area on the retina where the optic nerve exits; lacks photoreceptors, creating a blind spot.
  • Photon (quanta)
    A particle of light that carries energy and is detected by photoreceptors in the eye.
  • Photoreceptors: rods and cones
    Rods detect low light and black-and-white vision; cones detect color and function best in bright light.
  • Pupil
    The opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
  • Refraction
    Bending of light as it passes through different media, such as the cornea and lens, to focus on the retina.
  • Sclera, choroid, retina
    Sclera is the white outer layer; choroid is the vascular middle layer; retina is the innermost layer containing photoreceptors.
  • Visible wavelengths
    Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye, approximately 400–700 nanometers.