뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals
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이 집합의 용어 (30)
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.
Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
Gross (macroscopic), regional, system, surface, microscopic (cytology and histology), and developmental anatomy (including embryology).
Observation, manipulation, palpation (feeling organs), auscultation (listening with a stethoscope), and medical imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound).
By organ systems, e.g., renal physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, often focusing on cellular or molecular levels.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.
External body covering that protects deeper tissues from injury (skin, nails, hair).
Supports the body, provides framework for muscles, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.
Allows movement, maintains posture, produces heat, and enables facial expression.
Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.
Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood.
Returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes of debris, and houses immune cells for defense.
Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via lung air sacs.
Breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution to cells; eliminates indigestible residues as feces.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood.
Produces offspring; males produce sperm and hormones, females produce eggs, hormones, and nourish the newborn.
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes.
Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus, returning variable to its set point.
Regulation of body temperature or blood glucose by insulin.
Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, often producing a cascade effect.
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin and platelet plug formation during blood clotting.
A response that occurs in anticipation of a change, such as saliva release triggered by the smell of food.
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
It is required for metabolic reactions that release energy from food; survival without it lasts only minutes.
Increased risk of disease, aging changes, less efficient control systems, and possible destructive positive feedback.