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Anatomy & Physiology I - Cytology and Histology Focus

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • Three main parts of a cell

    Nucleus: controls cell activities and stores DNA.

    Cytoplasm: contains organelles and cytosol.

    Cell membrane: controls entry and exit of substances.

  • Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

    Cytosol is the fluid inside the cell.

    Cytoplasm includes cytosol + all organelles except the nucleus.

  • Functions of lipids in the cell membrane

    Lipids form a bilayer providing barrier to water-soluble substances and contribute to membrane fluidity.

  • Role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

    Carbohydrates attach to lipids and proteins forming glycocalyx, which aids in cell recognition and protection.

  • Functions of proteins in the cell membrane

    Proteins act as channels, receptors, enzymes, and provide structural support.

  • Simple diffusion

    Movement of small or lipid-soluble molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

  • Facilitated diffusion

    Movement of molecules via carrier proteins or channels from high to low concentration without energy.

  • Osmosis

    Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

  • Active transport

    Movement of molecules against concentration gradient using energy (ATP) and carrier proteins.

  • Endocytosis and exocytosis

    Endocytosis: cell enters (engulfs) material using vesicles.

    Exocytosis: cell exits (expels) material using vesicles.

  • Phagocytosis vs. pinocytosis

    Phagocytosis: cell engulfs LARGE particles. (cell eating)

    Pinocytosis: cell ingests fluid and SMALL molecules. (cell drinking)

  • Effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions on cells

    Hypertonic: cell shrinks.

    Isotonic: no change.

    Hypotonic: cell swells and may burst.

  • Definition of organelle

    Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.

  • Function of mitochondria

    Produce ATP through cellular respiration, the cell's energy source.

  • Role of ribosomes

    Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

  • Genetic code, transcription, and translation

    Genetic code: DNA instructions for proteins.

    Transcription: copying DNA to mRNA.

    Translation: mRNA directs protein synthesis at ribosomes.

  • Roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis

    mRNA: carries code from DNA.

    tRNA: brings amino acids.

    rRNA: forms ribosome structure.

  • Stages of mitosis

    Prophase: chromosomes condense.

    Metaphase: chromosomes align.

    Anaphase: chromatids separate.

    Telophase: nuclei reform.

  • Difference between mitosis and cytokinesis

    Mitosis: division of nucleus.

    Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm into two cells.

  • Definition of histology

    Study of tissues and their structure.

  • Four major tissue types

    Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

  • Function of simple squamous epithelium

    Allows fast diffusion, filtration, and osmosis; found in alveoli and capillaries.

  • Function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

    Provides protection; found in epidermis of skin.

  • Function of areolar connective tissue

    Supports and binds tissues, holds body fluids; found in subcutaneous skin.

  • Function of dense regular connective tissue

    Provides strength in tendons and ligaments.

  • Function of adipose tissue

    Stores energy, insulates, and cushions organs.

  • Function of hyaline cartilage

    Provides flexibility, support, reduces friction; found in nose tip and joints.

  • Function of blood connective tissue

    Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones.